This paper compares lithic and faunal assemblages from Milovice (Czech Republic) and Kraków Spadzista (Poland) archaeological sites, with the aim of reconstructing temporal variations and patterning ...in Gravettian hunting of Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth) in Central Europe. Milovice I was occupied ∼1 ky earlier than Kraków Spadzista, and is contemporaneous with Willendorf-Kostienkan sites. It is dated between 30.1 and 29.2 ka cal BP, overlapping the end of the GS 5.1 stadial in the Greenland ice core paleoclimatic record; the site was formed during cold climatic conditions. Radiocarbon dates from Kraków Spadzista indicate the site was occupied between 28.6 and 27 ka cal BP, spanning periods of significant climate instability through the GI 4 interstadial, GS 4 stadial, and the short interstadial GI 3. The two sites have fundamental differences in armature tool kits, such as raw materials and tool sizes. The hunter-gatherers at both sites had a mammoth-hunting focus, although they used different sized lithic weapon tips for hunting and thus probably had different strategies for procuring prey. The mammoth mortality profiles are significantly different at the two sites. At Milovice I, mid-life adults dominate the profile, while juveniles greatly dominate at Kraków Spadzista. We suggest that climatically mediated differences in mammoth migratory behavior, feeding behavior, population sizes, and demography influenced Gravettian people to manufacture and use different sizes of projectile points and to significantly increase the number of tool types during the most climatically unstable periods; these changes reflected tactical changes in Late Gravettian subsistence hunting in East-Central Europe.
•Hunter-gatherers at Milovice I and Kraków Spadzista killed mammoths using different sizes and types of lithic weapon tips.•Climatic conditions and changes observed in lithic toolkits are clues about Late Gravettian mammoth-hunting practices in East-Central Europe.•Changes in mammoth demography, behavior, and ecology influenced human choices of sites, hunting strategies, and weaponry.
This study has explored the criminal cases involving Jews heard in Krakow District Court in the period 1939-1944. Among those documents, there are also 23 denunciations from different periods ...submitted to German authorities, of social, economic, racial, and political nature. There are also cases linked to blackmailing Jews. The article examined the most important criminal cases involving Jews, specificity the work of the court regarding the individual matters as following: seizure of property; acts of violence; forgery and theft of documents. The study has found the significant differences between the criminal cases conducted by the court before and after the Reinhardt Action.
Urban space is often the cause of disputes. The underlying causes of these disputes are conflicting interests, attitudes and needs regarding the way it is used. Among the various functions performed ...by cities, tourism activities have been distinguished as the foremost in the cities of historical value. Mass tourism has developed in the last decade and its excessive flow of tourists has in turn led to overtourism which as described in literature is a negative phenomenon. The causes of conflicts related to the development of tourism and their scale are very diverse. The freezing of the tourism economy during the COVID-19 pandemic created an opportunity to balance its development in the future. As described in the article, this research aims at identifying the attitudes and expectations of Krakow's residence towards the tools of balancing the tourism economy in the post pandemic period. The statistical analysis of the acquired data collected through questionnaires from 386 respondents during July 2020 revealed that most of the respondents support the preservation of cultural heritage and landscapes over business and profit making.
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Podtyt.: Bieżanów, Kozłówek, Kurdwanów, Łagiewniki, Piaski Nowe i Wielkie, Prokocim, Rżąka, Swoszowice, Wola Duchacka Wschód i Zachód
Niezależny miesięcznik informacyjno-publicystyczny ...adresowany do mieszkańców dzielnicy XI Krakowa-Podgórza
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Subtitle: Bieżanów, Kozłówek, Kurdwanów, Łagiewniki, Piaski Nowe and Wielkie, Prokocim, Rżąka, Swoszowice, Wola Duchacka Wschód and Zachód
Independent news and news monthly addressed to residents of the district XI Krakowa-Podgórza
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