This article is a historical examination of the use of photography in the informational and fundraising strategies of humanitarian organizations. Drawing on archival research and recent scholarship, ...it shows that the figure of the dead or suffering child has been a centrepiece of humanitarian campaigns for over a century and suggests that in earlier eras too, such photos, under certain conditions, could “go viral” and achieve iconic status. Opening with last year's photo campaign involving the case of 3-year-old Syrian refugee Alan Kurdi, whose body washed up on a Turkish beach near Bodrum in early September 2015, the article draws on select historical examples to explore continuities and ruptures in the narrative framing and emotional address of photos depicting dead or suffering children, and in the ethically and politically charged decisions by NGO actors and the media to publish and distribute such images. We propose that today, as in the past, the relationship between media and humanitarian NGOs remains symbiotic despite contemporary claims about the revolutionary role of new visual technologies and social media.
The effects of different levels of protein and probiotics offered before and after weaning on growth performance, blood metabolites, and rumen fermentation were investigated in two experiments. In ...Exp. 1 (the pre-weaning phase), twenty-four single lambs, 10 days of age with an average live body weight of 15.3±1.8kg, were individually penned and randomly assigned to the treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of protein levels (16% vs. 18% CP of DM) and probiotic levels (0 vs. 2g Protexin®/d). The diets consisted of 20% lucerne hay and 80% concentrate (on a DM basis) offered over a total of 60days including 15days of adjustment period and 45days of experimental period until weaning. The lambs were transferred to separate pens where they were allowed to suckle their respective dams twice a day (in the morning and in the evening). The experimental procedure in Exp. 2 (the post-weaning phase) was the same as that in Exp. 1 except for the protein levels (14.5% vs. 16.5% CP of DM) administered and the lucerne hay (30.0%) included in the diets. Twenty-four 78-days-old lambs, weighing 30.5±2.6kg, were individually penned and offered the diets for 60 days inclusive of 15 days of feed adjustment. The results of Exp. 1 showed that raising the protein content of the diet from 16% to 18% CP led to increased weaning weights (28.2 vs. 32.4±1.83kg; P<0.05), average daily gain (ADG) (288g/d vs. 381±19.4g/d; NS), and feed intake (490g/d vs. 541±19.4g/d; P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in food conversion ratio (FCR; P>0.05) among the treatments. BUN concentration was on the 18% CP diet (14.3mg/dl vs. 17.4±0.50mg/dl; P<0.05), and on diets without probiotics compared to those with probiotics (15.0mg/dl vs. 16.7±0.50mg/dl; P<0.05). Probiotic supplementation increased feed intake (485g/d vs. 546±19.4g/d; P<0.05) and rumen NH3-N (7.13mg/dl vs. 8.39±0.19mg/dl; P<0.05) during the pre-weaning period. Cortisol concentration was significantly lower (P<0.05) in lambs fed the probiotic significantly lower in the 16% CP diet than that supplemented diets than in those fed probiotic-lacking diets 24h after weaning (17.3mg/dl vs. 16.6±0.21mg/dl) and 48h after weaning (16.8mg/dl vs. 15.9±0.21mg/dl). In Exp. 2, final weight, ADG, feed intake, and FCR were not significantly different among the diets with different protein levels or between those with or without probiotic supplementation. In addition, feeding diets with the lower CP level (14.5% vs. 16.5%; DM basis) resulted in lower concentrations of blood metabolites, urea nitrogen (19.9mg/dl vs. 25.0±1.16mg/dl; P<0.05), rumen pH (5.99±vs. 6.22±0.03; P<0.05), and ruminal NH3-N (10.99mg/dl vs. 11.22±0.03mg/dl; P<0.05). It was concluded that the higher protein level (18% CP; DM basis) fed during the pre-weaning phase led to increasing feed intake and weaning weight compared to the lower CP diet (16%) but that a higher level of protein in the post-weaning diet (16.5% vs. 14.5% CP; DM basis) did not affect performance. Supplementing the diets with probiotics might have reduced stress (lower cortisol concentration) after weaning but it did not improve the performance of the lambs.
The article covers both the original and expanded definitions of diglossia. The main point of discussion is the concept itself including its features and several examples paired with a relevant ...survey conducted to determine the existence of diglossia among Sorani Kurdish speakers in Erbil. The survey has investigated the occurrence of diglossia in terms of the use of high and low variety of Sorani Kurdish based on different social situations. The article concludes that Sorani Kurdish speakers use formal Sorani for formal settings and informal Sorani for informal situations.
Aylan Kurdi was by no means the rst child to drown en route to Europe and, since his death, more than 70 children (Save the Children 2015) have lost their lives off the Greek coast. Since 1993, more ...than 22,394 (United Against Racism 2015) people are known to have died attempting to enter Europe. Perhaps it was the innocence evoked by the body of a light-skinned child that enabled the temporary, eeting awakening among white Europeans to a refugee movement that long-preceded the media spotlight on that photo. According to the International Organization for Migration (BBC News 2015), an estimated 700,000 people arrived at Europes borders between January and October 2015, compared with 280,000 for & Nadine El-Enanyn.el-enany@bbk.ac.uk 1 School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10978-015-9175-7&domain=pdf Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10978-015-9175-7&domain=pdf Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10978-015-9175-7&domain=pdf Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10978-015-9175-7&domain=pdf Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10978-015-9175-7&domain=pdf Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10978-015-9175-7&domain=pdf Web End = Aylan Kurdi: The Human Refugee 123 14 N. El-Enany the entirety of 2014.
On 2 September 2015, Alan Kurdi's image went viral on the social media and immediately shook the world. This paper concerns not so much with the referent as with the capacity of image to represent. ...What in an image endows it the capacity to shame entire humanity, heterogeneous as it is? To further complicate, how does a digital image - a conglomeration of pixilated dots, devoid of any materiality whatsoever - in its singularity generate 'affect', universalizable and synchronic across cultures? When we recycle contents from the 'traditional' media to the 'new' media, we tend to convey something buffer to what the text in its singularity conveys. Using Kurdi's image as a case study, this paper illustrates how the politics of 'remediation' - the buffer - immanent in digitally viral images informs our practices of spectatorship. It engages in sustained, critical questioning of what differences Kurdi's image makes in terms of the perception and performativity of refugeehood (as a site of knowledge). In other words, how does this image, among others, emerge as the face of refugeehood, or better still, the Syrian crisis? What 'new' is being brought in and afforded by the image? How do we interpret the emergence of an image as the face of an 'event', and what ontological implications does it entail?
The death of Alan Kurdi, the boy washed ashore in Turkey in September 2015, provoked a global moral outcry. The pictures of the toddler went viral across social networks and in the media. Following ...these images across borders, we analyse moral and political responses to the 'EU refugee crisis' by illuminating the circumstances under which people feel, take on, and demand responsibility. Considering EU policies and their lethal consequences as mechanisms of an organised irresponsibility, we show how the circulation and modification of the images played on moral sentiments and on political demands in Europe and across the Mediterranean. The anthropological engagement with transnational moralities contributes to the analysis of politics of ir/responsibility of and against the EU border regime.
Partindo do conceito de midiatização, o artigo propõe uma discussão a partir do caso do afogamento do menino refugiado sírio Aylan Kurdi, amplamente discutido na mídia e pela sociedade, após uma foto ...ser veiculada na qual o menino de três anos aparece, sem vida, de bruços, na beira de uma praia na Turquia, após uma tentativa sem sucesso de chegar à Grécia, e de Omran Daqneesh, outro menino sírio que comoveu o mundo ao ser fotografado e filmado coberto de poeira e sangue dentro de uma ambulância em Aleppo, um dois lugares mais atingidos pelos conflitos no país. A escolha da temática se justifica pela pertinência no âmbito social atual, pela discussão da representação dos refugiados na mídia, além de contribuições para a área da comunicação e estudos de cultura. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um estudo teórico-empírico, desenvolvido com revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso. Em um momento em que a globalização "encurtou" fronteiras e considerando o impacto que a imprensa midiatizada tem na sociedade, evidencia porque o caso foi além de ser apenas mais um acontecimento jornalístico. Demonstra que a imagem se tornou símbolo da crise migratória, propondo um discurso mais humanizado e uma mudança - podendo ou não ser momentânea - na cobertura da chamada crise migratória que a Europa vive.
While images can provide a transformative experience, they can also become objects of virtual voyeurism, functioning within regimes of representation while possessing the power to resist dominant ...ideologies. This article examines this phenomenon of “claiming the dead and dispossessing them” through the case study of Alan Kurdi who became an iconic symbol representing the trauma of people fleeing conflict zones in the Middle East. As an iconic image, it raised awareness of the plight of the Syrian refugees, but the image also became locked into a “sensorium” (Rancière) where it created communion through its pathos but equally was trapped into an aesthetic regime which re-centered the migrant body as a new type of (in)humanity in Europe. The Internet as a platform for this sensorium constantly re-appropriates iconic imagery into new artistic and creative formats where images can be stripped from context, re-hashed, and endlessly circulated as cultural artifacts, bearing the burden of history yet being disenfranchised from it.
Ever since the Syrian crisis broke out, the media representation of the Syrian refugees fleeing political persecution, war and malnourishment has become a central focus of political debates and ...academic inquiry. Since 2011, the British press reporting of refugees has been mostly problematic,
although occasionally it does reflect a diminutive evidence of sympathy. This article aims to analyse the representations of Syrian refugees in the British tabloid press particularity in the wake of Aylan Kurdi's tragic death. The Framing Analysis approach has been applied on a corpus
of 40 articles including features, news reports, editorials and comments pieces from The Sun and Daily Mirror that are of dissimilar political orientation. Initial findings show that the concept of 'humanity' is the most distinguished British value supported and endorsed by The
Sun and Daily Mirror. At the same time, both tabloids ignored the notorious role of the British government in escalating the Syrian conflict, which resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the destruction of a country. Given the circumstances of the little boy's
death, this article supports the contention that news is a 'constructed reality' that is a product of various social, political and cultural factors including deviant circumstances. This study argues that certain events often receive more media attention than others, whilst many
events of a similar nature are mostly ignored.
This article discusses the relation between emotions and testimony, by asking the questions: What do emotions do? Are emotions possible and desirable starting points for teaching difficult and ...complex subjects such as injustice and historical wounds? This article explores the 2015 image and testimony of Alan Kurdi, lying on a beach of the Mediterranean Sea and the immense emotional response it elicited from the media. By critiquing emotions based on testimonies in teaching, by primarily following Ahmed (The cultural politics of emotion, Routledge, New York.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203700372
,
2004
) and Todd (Learning from the other: Levinas, psychoanalysis, and ethical possibilities in education. State University of New York Press, Albany,
2003
), this article argues that emotions are cultural practices, not psychological states, and, thus, are relational. On this point, the argument is developed into two different movements, first, the effects offered by listening; second, opacity in relation to transparency, based on the thoughts of Glissant (Poetics of relation. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor,
1997
). The aspects of listening and opacity in relation to testimonies, in turn, yield an ambivalent space in which emotions play a role (regardless of whether or not that function is desired) in students encounter with testimonies and may, in turn, imply educational possibilities.
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