Abstract
The article explores the motivation for betrayal and rescue of Jews during the Nazi occupation of Kyiv. Unfortunately, significantly more gentiles betrayed Jews during the occupation of the ...city than rescued them. The motivations for betrayal varied: traditional anti-Semitism reinforced by Nazi propaganda, some gentiles desired to enrich themselves on the account of Jewish property, to occupy Jewish apartments and to demonstrate their loyalty to the Nazis. Betrayal of Jews was encouraged and rewarded by the Nazis, while rescue of Jews put under mortal risk the gentiles who helped them. Only a few hundred Jews survived in Kyiv during the occupation. Some of them lived under bogus identities, which listed their nationality as Russians or Ukrainians. Others were hidden by their friends, neighbors and gentile spouses. In several cases Jewish children were adopted by gentile families. The article is based on scholarly and memoir literature, and archival materials. Anatoly Kuznetsov provided the most complete eyewitness account of the Nazi occupation of Kyiv and the Babyn Yar massacre in his book
Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel
, which is one of the main sources for the article.
The purpose of the work is to analyse the informative potential of little-known documents from the collection of the State Archive of Kyiv (SAK) which describe the awarding process for the medal for ...the defense of Kyiv in July-September, 1941. We determine the reliable number of awardees, as well as create a socio-demographic collective portrait of them. For the first time the documents for the medal "For the Defense of Kyiv" from the funds of the SAK are considered as a source of scientific research in the field of restoring the national memory of the Ukrainians and for the first time as well they are comprehensively introduced into scientific circulation. From decision protocols and the witness testimonies, award letters, etc., it’s possible to distinguish the main categories of persons who applied for awards, to divide them by gender, age, and types of work they did during the defense of Kyiv. The reporting documentation of the awards department of the Kyiv City Council for the period 1962–1992 provides rich material for the reconstruction the image of city defenders, studying the ways of involvement for the civilian population in defence work, as well as understanding the course of the awarding process over the 30 years. Prospects for further studies are possible through the further, more detailed prosopographic and demographic studies, the search for new information about awarding, further research work related to the period of June-September 1941. Personal information about people in award letters is also a valuable source of information for genealogical research.
Background The article presents results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) scanning carried out in a site of the Epiphany Cathedral of Brotherhood Monastery in Kyiv, Ukraine, destroyed in 1936 by ...the Soviets. The Cathedral is known as a burial site of Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi (1582–1622), a Ukrainian Cossack political and civic leader, guardian and patron of Kyiv Brotherhood Monastery. The collection of archival documents, blueprints, stock sources, photographs and cartographic materials of the 17th-19th centuries, as well as historical works of the 19th-21st centuries, were thoroughly analyzed and used as a basis for the interpretation of geophysical results. The set of historical data covers the period from 1615, that is, from the beginning of the construction of the wooden Epiphany Church, the predecessor of the cathedral, to the present day. Methods Summarized information about the construction, restoration after the fire, functioning and destruction of the Cathedral, as well as about the construction on its site in the 20th century, archaeological research in the 20th-21st centuries, was used to clarify possible location of hidden foundations and target GPR measurements. In this context, written testimonies of archaeologists who personally observed the foundations of the cathedral became especially valuable. The shielded GPR antennas, with a central frequency of 300 MHz and 700 MHz, is used for non-invasive investigation. Results GPR scanning specified the site and showed the best-preserved group of foundations of the western wall of the Epiphany Cathedral. Conclusions An integrated historical and geophysical study provided the basis to certify the foundation of the Epiphany Cathedral as a protected object of cultural heritage and facilitated its archaeological research.
Abstract
The article discusses the aftermath of the Holocaust in Kyiv and shows what factors contributed to the sharp rise of state and popular anti-Semitism in the city in the post-war years. During ...the Nazi occupation, Babyn Yar in Kyiv became one of the largest Holocaust killing grounds, where the Nazis and their local collaborators exterminated almost all Jews who remained in the city. When surviving Jews returned to Kyiv from evacuation and the fronts, gentiles frequently refused to hand over apartments to the pre-war occupants. Jewish appeals to the authorities often were denied. The authorities, many of whom shared the anti-Semitic mood of much of the local population, usually refused to help returning Jews claim their property. A Jewish pogrom broke out in Kyiv in September 1945, when sixteen Jews were killed and over 100 injured. The harshness of life in the ruined city, the severe shortage of apartments and the rise of the anti-Semitism overlapped in Kyiv and brought about an explosion of anti-Jewish violence in the city. The Soviet authorities attempted to suppress popular anti-Semitism in Ukraine after the war but failed. Then they adopted the policy of state anti-Semitism in 1948–1953.
The article studies the process of establishment of Andronyk Stepovych Kyiv Private Boys Gymnasium in 1906–1913s. The analysis is made on the materials of archival documents of the funds of ...Manuscript Institute of Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. The problems that Anronyk Stepovych, the founder of the institution, faced are indicated. The features of the functioning of the gymnasium and its place in the educational process of Kiev at the beginning of the 20th century are shown. Having founded a gymnasium, Andronyk Stepovych tried to improve the educational level of the youth in the region. Special efforts were aimed at attracting children from low-income families to the educational process. Realizing this plan, he had to overcome many organizational, administrative, material, and other difficulties. The introduction of self-management in the institution at the level of teachers and students was one of the important tasks that the gymnasium set itself. However, the tough and inconsistent policy of the Ministry of Public Education did not allow to do this as well as prohibited any independence for private educational institutions. In addition, every year the Kyiv private gymnasium lost a number of privileges, which made the work of the gymnasium impossible. The management and staff of Kyiv educationaldistrict body with their belated orders, meticulous inspections brought the gymnasium to almost complete destruction. As a result, the gymnasium operated in 1906–1913. Over the years, more than a thousand children acquired education at the educational institution where by Andronyk Stepovych Kyiv Private Boys Gymnasium made its contribution to the growth of the number of educated youth of Kyiv region.
Background The article presents results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) scanning carried out in a site of the Epiphany Cathedral of Brotherhood Monastery in Kyiv, Ukraine, destroyed in 1936 by ...the Soviets. The Cathedral is known as a burial site of Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi (1582–1622), a Ukrainian Cossack political and civic leader, guardian and patron of Kyiv Brotherhood Monastery. The collection of archival documents, blueprints, stock sources, photographs and cartographic materials of the 17th-19th centuries, as well as historical works of the 19th-21st centuries, were thoroughly analyzed and used as a basis for the interpretation of geophysical results. The set of historical data covers the period from 1615, that is, from the beginning of the construction of the wooden Epiphany Church, the predecessor of the cathedral, to the present day. Methods Summarized information about the construction, restoration after the fire, functioning and destruction of the Cathedral, as well as about the construction on its site in the 20th century, archaeological research in the 20th-21st centuries, was used to clarify possible location of hidden foundations and target GPR measurements. In this context, written testimonies of archaeologists who personally observed the foundations of the cathedral became especially valuable. The shielded GPR antennas, with a central frequency of 300 MHz and 700 MHz, is used for non-invasive investigation. Results GPR scanning specified the site and showed the best-preserved group of foundations of the western wall of the nave of the Epiphany Cathedral. Conclusions An integrated historical and geophysical study provided the basis to certify the foundation of the Epiphany Cathedral as a protected object of cultural heritage and facilitated its archaeological research.
Ignacy-Władysław Ledóchowski worked in Kyiv in the first quarter of the twentieth century. He left the citizens of Kyiv unique buildings in the Art Nouveau style, which has become the decoration of ...the city for the last few centuries. Based on the analysis of newly discovered sources, the article highlights the little-known pages of the history of the Polish szlachta Ledokhovsky family (Szaława coat of arms) and presents biographies of Kyiv architect Ignatiy Ledokhovsky (1867–1932) and his family; brothers Karol (1871–1931) and Stanislaw (1874–1940). The scientific novelty of this article is highlighted by revealing new information relating to the biography of the architect Ledokhovsky and his family. It was discovered that the future architect Ignacy-Władysław Ledóchowski was born in the village of Strilnyki (pol. Strzelniki), Vinnytsia region, in 13 in old style (25 new style) May 1867, and died on the night of March 2 to 3 1932, in Warsaw, where he was buried. His parents were Kazimir, son of Vladyslav and Jozefa nee Danielevich, Ledokhovsky. The article traces the biographies of his two younger brothers Karol and Stanislav, clarifies the history of the estates of this branch of the Ledokhovsky family in Podillya, in the Right-bank Ukraine. This research on the life and work of the architect Ledokhovski will reveal unknown until now details of his biography, increased materials on his life and work in Ukraine and Poland, as well as some practically unknown members of the Ledokhovsky family.
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