We conceptualise and measure welfare state change across 21 high‐income countries as a continuum delineated by a double movement, that is, the combined change of compensatory and employment‐oriented ...policies. Our double movement framework readapts Polanyi's concept into the context of welfare state change. We analyse this double movement across four decades using Principal Component Analysis and a new indicator that compares spending in 2015 to maximum and minimum spending levels since the 1980. We contribute to the literature in three ways. First, we empirically document an overall change in spending for compensatory and employment‐oriented policies, with the latter becoming more prominent over time. This change is more pronounced in the 1990s and even more so in the 2000s, and partially reduced classic regime differences. The PCAs generate a Cartesian space where each country is positioned across time (the 1980s, the 1990s, the 2000s and the 2010s) and space (within four quadrants, i.e., ‘the strong employment‐oriented space’, ‘the weak employment‐oriented space’, ‘the strong compensatory space’, and ‘the weak compensatory space’). Second, we develop a fivefold taxonomy of welfare state change characterised by: (1) retrenchment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom; (2) abridged adaptation in Australia, Belgium, Finland, Norway, Spain and the United States; (3) minor expansionary adaptation in Greece, Italy, Japan, Portugal and Switzerland—where spending levels were low in the 1980; (4) adaptation with an equilibrium between the two movements in New Zealand and (5) strong expansionary adaptation in Austria, Denmark and France. Overall retrenchment and abridging adaptation prevail over expansionary adaptation—this is due to cutbacks of unemployment, family allowances and active labour market programmes not being counterbalanced by the expansion of childcare. Third, we critically interpret these changes, introducing the double movement concept into comparative social policy.
Commuter Effects on Local Labour Markets Russo, Giovanni; Tedeschi, Federico; Reggiani, Aura ...
Urban studies (Edinburgh, Scotland),
02/2014, Letnik:
51, Številka:
3
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This paper offers an exploratory investigation of the effects of inbound commuter flows on employment in regional labour markets in Germany. For this purpose, the paper distinguishes three main ...channels that may transmit the effects concerned: a crowding-out mechanism and two labour demand effects—namely, an aggregate demand effect and a positive externality on vacancy creation. The results bring to light that, on the whole, commuter flows have a positive and robust effect on both employment and the number of jobs in the receiving labour market districts, but a distinctly negative effect on the share of jobs filled by resident workers. The implications of the results are interpreted and, finally, ways are suggested in which the analysis could be improved and expanded.
El envejecimiento poblacional se posiciona como un importante cambio demográfico. Este trabajo analiza las caracterÃsticas de los adultos mayores en situación de dependencia, las estrategias de ...cuidado y el perfil de personas cuidadoras para Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, El Salvador y Uruguay. La población en situación de dependencia funcional es mayoritariamente femenina y mayor de 75 años. Entre un 54 % y un 70 % recibe algún tipo de cuidado, principalmente a partir de la remuneración familiar. Las cuidadoras no remuneradas son mayoritariamente mujeres, menores de 65 años y económicamente inactivas; más aún, existe una asociación negativa entre el cuidado de adultos mayores y el empleo, que se recrudece al evaluar solamente la población femenina. Si bien esta asociación se mantiene para todas las edades y quintiles de ingreso, la brecha de empleo entre cuidadores y no cuidadores se reduce sustancialmente cuanto mayor sea el ingreso del hogar. PolÃticas de cuidados a la adultez tendrÃan efectos positivos en el empleo femenino y la desigualdad.
•Improved access to hukou substantially increases migration from rural areas.•The impact is more pronounced for young and low- and medium-skilled workers.•The impact persists over the long term.•The ...policy positively affects local labor market probably through increased domestic consumption from migrants who (are prepared to) obtain local hukou in destinations.
This study examines the impact of access to local citizenship (i.e., the status of being local residents with hukou in the context of China) on internal migration by exploiting variations in the timing and intensity of exposure to a hukou reform across 283 Chinese cities. Using population censuses and data we collected on the adoption of the hukou reform, we find that improved access to hukou substantially increases migration. The impact is more pronounced for young and low- and medium-skilled workers. Moreover, the impact persists over the long term. The policy positively affects local labor market probably through increased domestic consumption from migrants who (are prepared to) obtain local hukou in destinations. These findings demonstrate the importance of lifting barriers to local citizenship for internal migration in China. Underlying mechanisms and competing hypotheses are also analyzed.
The economic crisis that beset Europe in 2007 had a considerable impact on employment. Since 2008, unemployment has increased throughout Europe, but adjustment mechanisms affecting the labour market ...have varied from one country to another. By examining six representative European Union countries from the EU15, this article examines three types of adjustment involving segmentation, working hours and unemployment/underemployment. These adjustment systems, which originate from business strategy and which are partly supported by public policy measures, reflect the persistence of three varieties of capitalism in Europe.
Asymmetric market power and wage suppression Blumkin, Tomer; Lagziel, David
The Scandinavian journal of economics,
January 2024, 2024-01-00, 20240101, Letnik:
126, Številka:
1
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We study a labor market in which two identical firms compete over a pool of homogeneous workers. Firms pre‐commit to their outreach to potential employees, either through their informative ...advertising choices, or through their screening processes, before engaging in a wage (Bertrand) competition. Although firms are homogeneous, the unique pure‐strategy equilibrium is asymmetric: one firm maximizes its outreach whereas the other compromises on a significantly smaller market share. The features of the asymmetric equilibrium extend to a general oligopsony with any finite number of firms.
Despite their documented importance in the labor market, little is known about how workers use social networks to find jobs and their resulting effect on earnings. I use geographically detailed US ...employer-employee data to infer the role of social networks in connecting workers to jobs in high-paying firms. To identify social interactions in job search, I exploit variation in social network quality within small neighborhoods. Workers are more likely to change jobs, and more likely to move to a higher-paying firm, when their neighbors are employed in high-paying firms. Furthermore, local referral networks help match high-ability workers to high-paying firms.
Recent estimates in standard models of wage determination for both unionization and occupational licensing have shown wage effects that are similar across the two institutions. These cross-sectional ...estimates use specialized data sets, with small sample sizes, for the period 2006 to 2008. The authors' analysis examines the impact of unions and licensing coverage on wage determination using new data collected on licensing statutes that are then linked to longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2010. They develop several approaches, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, to measure the impact of these two labor market institutions on wage determination. The estimates of the economic returns to union coverage are greater than those for licensing statutes.
•This paper considers the public- formal private wage gap in Egypt during 1998–2018 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey.•We perform analysis both at the mean and along the wage distribution and ...address the.•Endogenous sector selection within the framework of panel data.•We find a persistent public sector wage penalty for males and mostly public sector wage premium for females.•Men select negatively while women select positively into the public sector except at the top of the wage distribution.•The results suggest concerns about the efficient provision of public services.
This paper estimates the public-formal private wage gap in Egypt using Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey for the 20 year period of 1998–2018 for men and women separately. We estimate the public-formal private sector wage gap with wage equations including a public sector indicator both at the mean and at different quantiles of the conditional wage distribution using the panel feature of the data. We also address the endogenous employment and the sector of employment selection issue and find a persistent public wage penalty for the males and public wage premium for the females (except at the top) even after controlling for the observable and the time-invariant unobservable characteristics. We further examine the public wage gap over time and in different sub-samples by potential experience, skill levels and regions. Generally, the results are consistent with a decrease in the public wage gap for both men and women over the period considered. We further provide evidence on the quality of workers. We find that the public sector fails to attract better quality men throughout the conditional wage distribution while it manages to attract better quality women in the lower parts of the conditional wage distribution but not at the top, all on the basis of time-invariant unobservable attributes. These results indicate concern for the efficient provision of public services.
The Decline of the U.S. Labor Share ELSBY, MICHAEL W. L.; HOBIJN, BART; ŞAHİN, AYŞEGÜL
Brookings papers on economic activity,
10/2013, Letnik:
2013, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Over the past quarter century, labor's share of income in the United States has trended downward, reaching its lowest level in the postwar period after the Great Recession. A detailed examination of ...the magnitude, determinants, and implications of this decline delivers five conclusions. First, about a third of the decline in the published labor share appears to be an artifact of statistical procedures used to impute the labor income of the self-employed that underlies the headline measure. Second, movements in labor's share are not solely a feature of recent U.S. history: The relative stability of the aggregate labor share prior to the 1980s in fact veiled substantial, though offsetting, movements in labor shares within industries. By contrast, the recent decline has been dominated by the trade and manufacturing sectors. Third, U.S. data provide limited support for neoclassical explanations based on the substitution of capital for (unskilled) labor to exploit technical change embodied in new capital goods. Fourth, prima facie evidence for institutional explanations based on the decline in unionization is inconclusive. Finally, our analysis identifies offshoring of the labor-intensive component of the U.S. supply chain as a leading potential explanation of the decline in the U.S. labor share over the past 25 years.
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