Social actors who move across categories are typically disadvantaged relative to their more focused peers. Yet candidates who compile experiences across disparate areas can either be appreciated as ...renaissance individuals or penalized as dilettantes. Extant literature has focused on the comparison between single versus multiple category members and on skill assessment, hindering its applicability. To discriminate between more versus less successful category spanners, I suggest that the order of accumulated experiences matters, because it serves as an indicator of commitment. I propose the concept of erraticism and predict that employers will prefer candidates who demonstrate some erraticism, by moving incrementally between similar jobs, over candidates who do not move and also over those with highly erratic job histories. Furthermore, I suggest this relationship holds for more complex jobs, less experienced freelancers, and is attenuated through working together. These issues are particularly salient given the rise of external labor markets where careers are increasingly marked by moves across traditional boundaries. I test and find support for these hypotheses with data from an online crowd-sourced labor market for freelancing services, Elance. com. I discuss how virtual mediated labor markets may alter hiring processes.
Purpose: This article analyzes the Brazilian scenario of work mediated by digital platforms (digiwork). Originality/value: Digiwork represents an alternative work arrangement to the traditional ...long-term employment model, with the highest growth rate in recent years. Details of this scenario are still unclear regarding the quantity and diversity of the offered products and services and the number of individuals involved. This article presents information and reflections that contribute to understanding these data in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach: This is an analytical-exploratory study. Scientific articles were used to discuss technological, political, and socioeconomic influences that supported the emergence of digiwork and its effects on the labor market and the workforce. In order to support this discussion, a documental analysis of websites and mobile application software was carried out, allowing for a qualitative-quantitative mapping of Brazil's current digital intermediation platforms. Findings: More than 100 companies operating in the country were identified as offering 11 types of services in this business, indicating a growing trend. A diversification movement was also observed, absorbing professionals with different kinds of training and schooling levels. Such growth is in line with the political-economic trend of encouraging the loosening of labor relations, which individualizes and informalizes the bonds, emphasizing the need for debate on the regulation of this work arrangement and more research to investigate its repercussions on the worker's health, also considering the heterogeneity present in this new class. Keywords: alternative work arrangement, digital platforms, gig work, uberization, crowdworking Objetivo: Este artigo analisa o cenario brasileiro do trabalho mediado por plataformas digitais (digitrab). Originalidade/valor: O digitrab representa o arranjo laboral alternativo ao modelo de emprego tradicional de longo termo que mais tem crescido nos ultimos anos. Entretanto, nao conhecemos com clareza esse cenario, nem em termos de quantidade nem de diversidade de produtos e servicos ofertados, muito menos quanto ao volume de individuos envolvidos. O presente artigo apresenta informacoes e reflexoes que colaboram para a compreensao desses dados no Brasil. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de um estudo analitico-exploratorio. Artigos cientificos foram utilizados para discutir as influencias tecnologicas, politicas e socioeconomicas que favoreceram a emergencia do digitrab e seus efeitos no mundo do trabalho e nos trabalhadores. Para sustentar tal discussao, foi feita uma analise documental de sites e aplicativos moveis (apps) que permitiu um mapeamento quali-quantitativo acerca das plataformas digitais de intermediacao ativas no Brasil atualmente. Resultados: Foram identificadas mais de 100 empresas atuantes no pais que oferecem 11 tipos de servicos nessa modalidade de negocio, com indicacao de tendencia de crescimento. Observou-se tambem um movimento de diversificacao, absorvendo profissionais de diferentes tipos de formacao e niveis educacionais. Tal crescimento se alinha a tendencia politico-economica de incentivo ao afrouxamento das relacoes de trabalho, que individualiza e informaliza os vinculos, enfatizando a necessidade de debate sobre a regulamentacao desse arranjo de trabalho e de mais pesquisas que se debrucem a investigar suas repercussoes sobre a saude do trabalhador, considerando, ainda, a heterogeneidade presente nessa nova classe. Palavras-chave: arranjo alternativo de trabalho, plataformas digitais, gig work, uberizacao, crowdworking
We classify the empirical literature on the wage impact of immigration into three groups, where studies in the first two groups estimate different relative effects, and studies in the third group ...estimate the total effect of immigration on wages. We interpret the estimates obtained from the different approaches through the lens of the canonical model to demonstrate that they are not comparable. We then relax two key assumptions in this literature, allowing for inelastic and heterogeneous labor supply elasticities of natives and the "downgrading" of immigrants. "Downgrading" occurs when the position of immigrants in the labor market is systematically lower than the position of natives with the same observed education and experience levels. Downgrading means that immigrants receive lower returns to the same measured skills than natives when these skills are acquired in their country of origin. We show that heterogeneous labor supply elasticities, if ignored, may complicate the interpretation of wage estimates, and particularly the interpretation of relative wage effects. Moreover, downgrading may lead to biased estimates in those approaches that estimate relative effects of immigration, but not in approaches that estimate total effects. We conclude that empirical models that estimate total effects not only answer important policy questions, but are also more robust to alternative assumptions than models that estimate relative effects.
When jobs offered by different employers are not perfect substitutes, employers gain wage-setting power; the extent of this power can be captured by the elasticity of labor supply to the firm. The ...authors collect 1,320 estimates of this parameter from 53 studies. Findings show a prominent discrepancy between estimates of direct elasticity of labor supply to changes in wage (smaller) and the estimates converted from inverse elasticities (larger), suggesting that labor market institutions may rein in a substantial amount of firm wage-setting power. This gap remains after they control for 22 additional variables and use Bayesian Model Averaging and LASSO to address model uncertainty; however, it is less pronounced for studies employing an identification strategy. Furthermore, the authors find strong evidence that implies the literature on direct estimates is prone to selective reporting: Negative estimates of the elasticity of labor supply to the firm tend to be discarded, leading to upward bias in the mean reported estimate. Additionally, they point out several socioeconomic factors that seem to affect the degree of monopsony power.
A flexible labour market is widely regarded as a key factor in encouraging economic growth and prosperity. In recent years some economies have successfully reformed their labour markets, making ...part-time and flexible hours easier, limiting the restrictive practices of trade unions, encouraging training and the enhancement of the skills of those in the labour market, coping with the changing age profile of the workforce and in other ways. Other economies have been less successful at labour market reform and continue to struggle with outdated structures and practices. This book discusses the key elements of labour market reform, contrasting a country where reforms have been successfully carried through, Australia, with a country where reforms have been less successful, Japan. At the same time, this book challenges the conventional view that Australia is the lucky country for all its workers - given the rising hours worked for those in work and the difficulties for young people entering the labour market. Both countries also face issues in terms of an ageing population, and policy challenges in the design of safety nets and pension provision. The book thereby demonstrates to analysts of labour market reform worldwide the key elements of successful labour market reform, and the consequential effects when the reforms are carried through, or not.
Manufactured imports from China to Australia grew 11-fold between 1991 and 2006. Local differences in industry structure are used to identify the impact of that growth on local labour market ...outcomes. This growth is estimated to have reduced local manufacturing employment considerably. Local adjustment occurred through labour mobility between regions plus increased rates of unemployment and non-participation. By contrast, import growth from other Asian countries had little impact on Australian manufacturing employment. This is because Chinese imports tended to be in sectors with slower growth in domestic consumption (absorption) and with high labour intensity.
Sources of Wage Inequality Akerman, Anders; Helpman, Elhanan; Itskhoki, Oleg ...
The American economic review,
05/2013, Letnik:
103, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Recent theories of firm heterogeneity emphasize between-firm wage differences as a new mechanism through which trade can affect wage inequality. Using linked employer-employee data for Sweden, we ...show that many of the stylized facts about wage inequality found in Helpman et al. (2012) for Brazil also hold for Sweden. Much of overall wage inequality arises within sector-occupations and for workers with similar observable characteristics. One notable difference is a smaller contribution from between-firm differences in wages in Sweden, which could reflect the influence of Swedish labor market institutions in dampening the scope for variation in wages between firms through collective wage agreements. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In nearly all OECD countries, the labour market has been in flux in recent decades. This book examines the labour markets and the institutional frameworks that condition their functioning in four ...different countries: Canada, the United States, Denmark and Sweden. Through a comparative study of these cases, the book discusses the nation-specific patterns that exist in a world that seems to become increasingly subject to common social and economic development.
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