LONGLISTED FOR THE 2019 NATIONAL BOOK AWARD By the late 1960s and early 1970s, reeling from a wave of urban uprisings, politicians finally worked to end the practice of redlining. Reasoning that the ...turbulence could be calmed by turning Black city-dwellers into homeowners, they passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and set about establishing policies to induce mortgage lenders and the real estate industry to treat Black homebuyers equally. The disaster that ensued revealed that racist exclusion had not been eradicated, but rather transmuted into a new phenomenon ofpredatory inclusion. Race for Profit uncovers how exploitative real estate practices continued well after housing discrimination was banned. The same racist structures and individuals remained intact after redlining's end, and close relationships between regulators and the industry created incentives to ignore improprieties. Meanwhile, new policies meant to encourage low-income homeownership created new methods to exploit Black homeowners. The federal government guaranteed urban mortgages in an attempt to overcome resistance to lending to Black buyers - as if unprofitability, rather than racism, was the cause of housing segregation. Bankers, investors, and real estate agents took advantage of the perverse incentives, targeting the Black women most likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure, multiplying their profits. As a result, by the end of the 1970s, the nation's first programs to encourage Black homeownership ended with tens of thousands of foreclosures in Black communities across the country. The push to uplift Black homeownership had descended into a goldmine for realtors and mortgage lenders, and a ready-made cudgel for the champions of deregulation to wield against government intervention of any kind. Narrating the story of a sea-change in housing policy and its dire impact on African Americans,Race for Profit reveals how the urban core was transformed into a new frontier of cynical extraction.
This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences ...and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_business/9780199286805/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg
A novel method for prescribing k and ω at inlets and RANS-LES interfaces in embedded LES is presented and evaluated. The method is based on the proposal by Hamba to use commutation terms at RANS-LES ...interfaces. Commutation terms are added to the k and ω equations in the region near the inlet (i.e. the RANS-LES interface). The proposed method can also be used when prescribing inlet values for k and ω in hybrid LES-RANS. The commutation terms are added in embedded LES at the LES side of the RANS-LES interface. The influence of the extent of the region where the commutation terms are added is investigated. It is found that it is most efficient to add commutation terms in only one cell layer adjacent to the interface; in this way, tuned constants are avoided. The commutation term in the ω equation is derived from transformation of the k and ϵ equations. When the commutation terms are used in only one cell layer, the commutation term in the k equation corresponds to a negative convection term. Hence, the commutation term can be omitted and a homogeneous Neumann inlet boundary condition can be used. The commutation term in the ω equation is retained. The novel method is evaluated for channel flow (Re
τ
= 8000), boundary layer flow (Re
θ
= 11, 000) and backward-facing step flow (Re
H
= 28, 000). Hybrid LES-RANS is used for the first two flows and embedded LES for the backward-facing step flow.
In the current resurgence of interest in the biological basis of animal behavior and social organization, the ideas and questions pursued by Charles Darwin remain fresh and insightful. This is ...especially true ofThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin's second most important work. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the first printing of the first edition (1871), not previously available in paperback.
The work is divided into two parts. Part One marshals behavioral and morphological evidence to argue that humans evolved from other animals. Darwin shoes that human mental and emotional capacities, far from making human beings unique, are evidence of an animal origin and evolutionary development. Part Two is an extended discussion of the differences between the sexes of many species and how they arose as a result of selection. Here Darwin lays the foundation for much contemporary research by arguing that many characteristics of animals have evolved not in response to the selective pressures exerted by their physical and biological environment, but rather to confer an advantage in sexual competition. These two themes are drawn together in two final chapters on the role of sexual selection in humans.
In their Introduction, Professors Bonner and May discuss the place ofThe Descentin its own time and relation to current work in biology and other disciplines.
A new model consistency scheme based on the filtered form of the Rankine–Hugoniot (R–H) relation is developed for hybrid Eulerian/Lagrangian Large Eddy Simulation-Filtered Density Function (LES-FDF) ...methods to model combustion in compressible high-speed flows. The approach particularly pertains to the evolution of the FDF stochastic Lagrangian particles in enthalpy space, accounting for the subgrid effects in the filtered R–H relation to ensure stable solutions and model consistency with the total energy field solved by an Eulerian compressible finite volume scheme. An analytical form of the subgrid term appearing in the filtered R–H relation is derived and it is shown to have a significant effect on the ability to accurately produce the post-shock thermochemical state. Subsequently, two novel numerical schemes are proposed based on either a modelled subgrid scale kinetic energy or a relaxation over a physical timescale. In testing for 1D normal shock cases, the former approach is found to be strongly dependent on the filter width and Mach number, while the latter approach produces consistent results. The relaxation method is further tested for a turbulent 3D shock tube case and a 1D detonation case and found to produce numerically consistent and accurate temperature and species fields. It is shown that the subgrid term is critical for accurately and consistently predicting the temperature fields in both cases and for achieving the correct detonation structure involving a leading shock and autoignition in the second case.
Novelty and significance statement
LES-FDF methods have not been widely used for high-speed combusting flows with strong shocks. Such flows are common in aerospace combustors and accurate modelling of these is essential for their optimisation, especially with rapid transition to alternative fuels. The first novelty is the development of a filtered Rankine–Hugoniot model to ensure energy consistency between the Eulerian LES and the FDF modelled through Lagrangian particles. The inclusion of a subgrid kinetic energy term in the Lagrangian particle energy equation is shown to be essential for producing consistent solutions and accurate prediction of thermodynamics states through discontinuities. This subgrid term is not closed and, therefore, the second novelty lies in proposing a practical numerical scheme which accounts for it. The consistent model and numerical scheme is validated in canonical shock tube and detonation cases.
A novel flamelet-based chemical tabulation method is proposed in the present large eddy simulation study for the Engine Combustion Network Spray A conditions. Using a n-dodecane mechanism with ...255-species/2289-reactions, the solutions sets for ignition and steady-state counterflow diffusion flames were projected onto separate look-up tables. To ensure the monotonicity of the ignition library, the absolute cumulative variation is introduced in the definition of the progress variable. These methodologies are designed to address data overlap issues during the database coupling process and to achieve a fully bijective look-up table. Through the comparison with the database employing the classical progress variable, the new ignition look-up table accurately reproduces the detailed chemical manifold. Following the validation of the spray model under inert conditions, the performance of the newly developed library is evaluated in reacting conditions. The predicted ignition delay and lift-off length closely align with experimental observations. Detailed analysis of the spray flame structure confirms that the integrated approach accurately predicts the evolution of low/high-temperature chemical reactions and the flame stabilization mechanisms. The developed solver offers a practical tool for conducting detailed combustion analysis of diesel spray flames.
•An innovative look-up table based on ACV is developed, enabling a complete bijective projection.•The computational procedures with the novel flamelet library is proposed.•The customized LES solver demonstrates high predictive accuracy for ECN Spray A conditions.
The International Handbook on Innovation is the most comprehensive and authoritative account available of what innovation is, how it is measured, how it is developed, how it is managed, and how it ...affects individuals, companies, societies, and the world as a whole. Leading specialists from around the world, responsible for much of the current research in the field, analyze the multidisciplinary and multifaceted nature of innovation, its types and levels, its criteria, its development, its management, its specificity in various domains and contexts, and societal demands on it. They consider innovation from the viewpoints of psychology, management science, business, technology, sociology, philosophy, economics, history, education, art, and public policy.With contributions from over 90 distinguished authors covering 17 nations, readers will obtain expert insight into the latest research and future developments in the field of innovation. The Handbook will present many facets of innovation including its nature, its development, its measurement, its management, and its social, cultural, and historical context. The breadth of this work will allow the reader to acquire a comprehensive and panoramic picture of the nature of innovation within a single handbook. The reader will develop an accurate sense of what spurs potentially creative and innovative people and companies toward their extraordinary achievements and exceptional performances.The handbook can be used as a reference source for those who would like information about a particular topic, or from cover to cover either as a sourcebook or as a textbook in a course dealing with innovation. Anyone interested in knowing the wide range of issues regarding innovation will want to read this handbook.
Contributions from over 90 distinguished authors covering 17 nations International in scope, reflecting global perspectives Essential reading for researchers and practitioners in the fields of psychology, management science, business, technology, sociology, philosophy, economics, history, education art, and public policy
Playing While White argues that whiteness matters in sports culture, both on and off the field. Offering critical analysis of athletic stars such as Johnny Manziel, Marshall Henderson, Jordan Spieth, ...Lance Armstrong, Josh Hamilton, as well as the predominantly white cultures of NASCAR and extreme sports, David Leonard identifies how whiteness is central to the commodification of athletes and the sports they play.Leonard demonstrates that sporting cultures are a key site in the trafficking of racial ideas, narratives, and ideologies. He identifies how white athletes are frequently characterized as intelligent leaders who are presumed innocent of the kinds of transgressions black athletes are often pathologized for. With an analysis of the racial dynamics of sports traditions as varied as football, cycling, hockey, baseball, tennis, snowboarding, and soccer, as well as the reception and media portrayals of specific white athletes, Leonard examines how and why whiteness matters within sports and what that tells us about race in the twenty-first century United States.
The complex geometry of rotating machines makes the flows strongly affected by rotation and curvature, which are challenging for turbulence modeling. During the development of CFD, large amount of ...turbulence models appeared and hence make the user hard to decide which one to choose. The present paper presents a coherent review of the various approaches proposed in the recent literatures on this topic. First, the influence of the rotation and curvature is reviewed and concluded. Then, the basic concepts of RANS and LES are introduced to facilitate the description of the models and each method is classified into several types. A variety of models are then described and assessed either by the results in the literatures or by own results, with special concentration on the application to rotating machines. Finally, a brief introduction to the hybrid RANS/LES is made and assessed, together with the recommendation for the selection of the models. The aim of the review is to provide information on the advantages and limitations of related models and make it easier for the user to choose an appropriate model.
