With the emergence of IoT, new communication technologies have been proposed to cope with the IoT large scale, and the ”things” constraints in terms of power and processing resources. One of these ...technologies is LoRaWAN, which aims at providing very-long-range transmission with low power consumption. However, this technology suffers from several security and privacy vulnerabilities that could compromise availability, authentication, and privacy. In fact, security and privacy are major concerns in any IoT network. Consequently, effective countermeasures are highly needed to enable LoRaWAN’s wide adoption in the IoT domain. In this paper, we review the LoRaWAN architecture, applications, and security concerns. In addition, we list several possible countermeasures to address the existing LoRaWAN vulnerabilities and thus, to prevent the related attacks.
This article presents an atypical offline based LoRaWAN application for use in hospital settings, where the ability to maintain network connectivity during internet connection disruption is ...paramount. A prototype bed rail is demonstrated, providing advanced functionality compared to traditional bed rails. The manufactured prototype provides data to a nurses station reliably and operates under battery backup. The power consumption of the system under different transmission intervals was tested, allowing appropriate battery sizing for different applications to be specified accurately. It is expected that a single LoRaWAN gateway will be able to cover bed rails across an entire modern hospital, allowing minimal infrastructure cost to implement the device or application in a rapidly deployed field hospital.
Recent Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) protocols are receiving increased attention from industry and academia to offer accessibility for Internet of Things (IoT) connected remote sensors and ...actuators. In this work, we present a formal study of LoRaWAN security, an increasingly popular technology, which defines the structure and operation of LPWAN networks based on the LoRa physical layer. There are previously known security vulnerabilities in LoRaWAN that lead to the proposal of several improvements, some already incorporated into the latest protocol specification. Our analysis of LoRaWAN security uses Scyther, a formal security analysis tool and focuses on the key exchange portion of versions 1.0 (released in 2015) and 1.1 (the latest, released in 2017). For version 1.0, which is still the most widely deployed version of LoRaWAN, we show that our formal model allowed to uncover weaknesses that can be related to previously reported vulnerabilities. Our model did not find weaknesses in the latest version of the protocol (v1.1), and we discuss what this means in practice for the security of LoRaWAN as well as important aspects of our model and tools employed that should be considered. The Scyther model developed provides realistic models for LoRaWAN v1.0 and v1.1 that can be used and extended to formally analyze, inspect, and explore the security features of the protocols. This, in turn, can clarify the methodology for achieving secrecy, integrity, and authentication for designers and developers interested in these LPWAN standards. We believe that our model and discussion of the protocols security properties are beneficial for both researchers and practitioners. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that presents a formal security analysis of LoRaWAN.
LoRaWAN is one of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that have received significant attention by the research community in the recent years. It offers low-power, low-data rate ...communication over a wide range of covered area. In the past years, the number of publications regarding LoRa and LoRaWAN has grown tremendously. This paper provides an overview of research work that has been published from 2015 to September 2018 and that is accessible via Google Scholar and IEEE Explore databases. First, a detailed description of the technology is given, including existing security and reliability mechanisms. This literature overview is structured by categorizing papers according to the following topics: (i) physical layer aspects; (ii) network layer aspects; (iii) possible improvements; and (iv) extensions to the standard. Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is presented along with the challenges that LoRa and LoRaWAN still face.
Smart street lighting is a key application in smart cities, enabling the monitoring and control of street lamps through internet connectivity. LoRa/LoRaWAN, an IoT technology, offers advantages such ...as low power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and a wide area network. With its extensive coverage of up to 15 kilometers and easy deployment, LoRa has become a favored connectivity option for IoT use cases. This study explores the utilization of LoRaWAN in Pangandaran, a regency in the West Java province of Indonesia. Implementing LoRaWAN in this context has resulted in several benefits, including the ability to monitor and control street lighting in specific areas of Pangandaran and real-time recording of energy consumption. The primary objective of this research is to estimate the number of LoRaWAN gateways required to support smart street lighting in Pangandaran. Two methods are employed: coverage calculation using the free space loss approach and capacity calculation. The coverage calculation suggests a requirement of 34 gateways, whereas the capacity calculation indicates that only two gateways are needed. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that, theoretically, a maximum of 34 gateways would be necessary for smart street lighting in the Pangandaran area. However, further research, including driving tests, is recommended to validate these results for future implementation. This study provides insights into the practical application of LoRaWAN technology in smart street lighting, specifically in Pangandaran. The findings contribute to optimizing infrastructure and resource allocation, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of urban lighting systems.
•User control and metering of network-connected devices with mobile application.•Coverage up to 5 km, without the use of repeaters, no areas without coverage.•Low power consumption of the ...device.•High transmission speed, enabling real-time operation.•Low cost and small size.
The application of Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) in Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring applications has grown exponentially in recent history because of its cost-effectiveness, robustness to interference, low power consumption, large coverage for connectivity and licensed-free frequency band due to its adaptive data rate. In this research, an IoT-ready smart plug (SP) based on the LoRaWAN technology has been developed. Smart Plug for the LoRaWAN (SPLW) has been designed to measure and control the energy consumed by electrical loads in households, office buildings, hotels, hospitals, etc. with the purpose of achieving energy efficiency. SPLW monitors several electrical parameters (i.e., voltage, current, power, energy) and sends this information in real time to the cloud. A LoRa Bee associated to an Arduino Nano microcontroller and a PZEM-004 t sensor collects the necessary information in order to send it to the LoRaWAN gateway. This data is sent to The Things of Network (TTN) service, created specifically for LoRaWAN IoT applications. TTN offers numerous integrations, e.g. Ubidots has been used for WebApp and smartphone monitoring. Tests have been performed in six households to demonstrate the performance of SPLW in terms of its functionality, simplicity, reliability and cost.
Solid waste management is one of the problems that has gained greater prominence in recent years. This topic has been discussed with greater emphasis in conjunction with environmental issues, driven ...by changes in the most diverse fields provided by the recent post-pandemic scenario. However, due to traditional or inefficient waste management approaches, most trash bins placed in cities can be seen as overflowing. Therefore, a remote monitoring system is needed to alert the level of garbage in bins to the relevant authority for waste clearance. In this scenario, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm plays a vital role in improving smart city applications by tracking and managing city processes. This paper implements a solution based on Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) and blockchain technologies to provide the required data available for increasing efficiency in solid waste collection. Finally, this paper provides an evaluation of the proposed architecture related to latency and throughput metrics.
Citizens are a crucial factor in the sustainability of the cities because they are one of the pillars for balancing their environment. Smart city projects can offer citizens an opportunity to ...understand how they contribute to their city’s sustainability. Furthermore, an interactive smart city system can create synergies that benefit both the citizens and the city itself. This paper presents the Green Bear smart city platform, an IoT Human-in-the-Loop system that uses LoRaWAN nodes to gather information on city green spaces, bike lanes, and recycling depots. A user-centered mobile application that allows for active user participation, feedback, and incentivization is used to close the loop with humans. This system allows citizens to evaluate their participation in aspects that improve the city’s sustainability through a gamification scheme, obtaining points for different activities in the city’s public spaces and personal activities to improve their quality of life. This solution is being implemented in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. After an overview of the system, the paper describes each main system module. The Green Bear prototype was subject to functional and technological assessment, and the results are presented and discussed.
Low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) constitute a type of networks which is used to connect things to the Internet from a wide variety of sectors. These types of technologies provide the Internet of ...Things (IoT) devices with the ability to transmit few bytes of data for long ranges, taking into consideration minimum power consumption. In parallel, IoT applications will cover a wide range of human and life needs from smart environments (cities, home, transportation, etc.) to health and quality of life. Among these popular LPWANs technologies, we have identified the unlicensed frequency band (LoRa, DASH7, SigFox, Wi-SUN, etc.), and the licensed frequency band standards (NB-IoT, LTE Cat-M, EC-GSM-IoT, etc.). In general, both types of standards only consider fixed interconnected things, and less attention has been provided to the mobility of the things or devices. In this paper, we address the mobility of the things and the connectivity in each of the three LPWAN standards: LoRaWAN, DASH7, and NB-IoT. In particular, we show how the mobility of things can be achieved when transmitting and receiving data. Then, we provide a general and technical comparison for the three standards. Finally, we illustrate several application scenarios where the mobility is required, and we show how to select the most suited standard. We also discuss the research challenges and perspectives.
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