Supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 (SCFE-CO2) was used to examine extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from irregular-shaped Lion's Mane (LM) mushroom by-products. Optimal SCFE-CO2 ...conditions (46.38 °C, 100 bar, and 0.99 mL/min of EtOH flow rate) for maximum yield (a mass fraction of 11.64%), ergosterol (3.74 mg/g dried LM), total phenolic content, TPC (815.93 µg GAE/g dried LM), and antioxidant activity (42.97 µg TE/g dried LM) were determined using following parameters: temperature (40 °C to 60 °C), pressure (100 bar to 300 bar), and EtOH flow rate (0 mL/min to 1 mL/min). EtOH flow rate was a key factor in raising extraction yield and quality. SCFE-CO2 was equally effective compared to conventional extraction (Maceration) for LM, as there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in yield, ergosterol content, TPC, or antioxidant activity. This green extraction technology could be an excellent alternative method for recovering bioactive compounds from medicinal mushrooms.
Display omitted
•SCFE-CO2 was used to extract bioactive compounds from Hericium erinaceus mushroom.•Optimum conditions for SCFE-CO2 was 46.38 °C, 100 bar, and 0.99 mL/min of EtOH.•EtOH flow rate was a major factor that could improve extraction yield and quality.•SCFE-CO2 had an efficiency that could be used instead of conventional extraction.
The present research aims to produce gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from the aqueous extract of locally isolated mushroom Coprinus comatus from Hit city, Iraq. Its properties were studied using the ...optical vision, UV-Vis, EDX, XRD, FTIR, AFM, and Zetasizer analyses. The exposure of the colloidal solution of AuNPs to UV radiation was investigated for 1, 2, and 3 h. The results showed the color change of the interaction mixture from light yellow to purple after 25 min. The lambda max of the absorbance reached 530 nm using UV-Visible spectrum as evident in the formation of AuNPs. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups related to peptides, proteins, flavonoids, monosaccharides, and phenolic compounds, which reduced gold ions. The EDX technique showed that the formed nanoparticles were AuNPs. XRD results showed that AuNPs have a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal. The UV irradiation at different times led to an increase in the intensity of absorbance and sizes of AuNPs from 17.39 nm before the irradiation and switched to 58.16, 59.13, and 47.35 nm after 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively, but their sizes remained within the nanoscale range (less than 100 nm). In conclusion, the best result was observed after about an hour on the effects of UV irradiation on sizes of AuNPs, which reached smaller nanoparticles compared with times 2 and 3 h.
Fine root decomposition constitutes a critical yet poorly understood flux of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first large‐scale synthesis of species trait effects ...on the early stages of fine root decomposition at both global and local scales. Based on decomposition rates for 279 plant species across 105 studies and 176 sites, we found that mycorrhizal association and woodiness are the best categorical traits for predicting rates of fine root decomposition. Consistent positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration emerged on decomposition rates within sites. Similar relationships were present across sites, along with positive effects of temperature and moisture. Calcium was not consistently related to decomposition rate at either scale. While the chemical drivers of fine root decomposition parallel those of leaf decomposition, our results indicate that the best plant functional groups for predicting fine root decomposition differ from those predicting leaf decomposition.
Dominant tree community mycorrhizal associations can influence soil biogeochemistry and nutrient cycling, suggesting a prominent role of mycorrhizas in shaping belowground microbial community ...composition and function. The degree to which the mycorrhizal type of dominant trees interacts with natural environmental gradients to influence belowground microbial communities is, however, unclear. Likewise, it is unknown if community-level mycorrhizal associations can influence the local microbial community encountered by an individual tree through spillover effects. To address these questions, we studied fungal communities from soil, roots, and leaf litter surrounding individual arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees embedded in gradients of tree mycorrhizal dominance from three climatically distinct locations in the Adirondack Mountains, NY, USA. We found that dominant tree mycorrhizal types interact with site location to explain more variation in fungal community composition, richness, and function than specific soil properties, such as pH. This finding was consistent for all three sample types, but soil-associated fungi demonstrated the largest amount of explainable variation compared to root- and leaf litter-associated fungi. The relative abundance of plant pathogens was especially responsive to tree mycorrhizal dominance, increasing with AM dominance around individual AM trees but not around ECM trees in the same forests. These “mycorrhizal-spillover” effects on AM trees were also strongest in our warmest, driest site and weakest in our coolest, wettest site, indicating that the strength of mycorrhizal spillover is context-dependent in mixed-mycorrhizal forests.
•Tree mycorrhizas better explain fungal communities than soil characteristics•Soil, root, and leaf fungal communities vary in their response to tree mycorrhizas•Individual vs tree community mycorrhizal interactions affect pathogen abundance•Environmental context affects the strength of mycorrhizal-spillover effects•Specific fungal families may drive global mycorrhizal-linked community shifts
The increasing demand for seafood is responsible for many environmental impacts, especially caused by aquaculture. Shrimp accounts for a substantial part of seafood production and therefore also for ...negative effects associated with it. This work aimed to develop a mushroom-based shrimp analogue with a texture similar to shrimp using the fruiting bodies of pink oyster mushroom (
Pleurotus djamor
) and lion’s mane (
Hericium erinaceus
). Three flushes of pink oyster mushrooms and a first flush of lion’s mane mushroom were analysed regarding their nutritional composition and whether they are suitable shrimp alternatives. The two mushrooms are rich in proteins (∼32% and ∼26% w/w for the first flush of pink oyster and lion’s mane, respectively). The protein content of pink oyster mushroom decreased and the dietary fibre content increased across the different flushes. The antioxidants in the mushrooms were extracted using different methods, whereby aqueous extracts mostly excelled in terms of antioxidant activity. Hydrolysis confirmed the presence of conjugated
p
-coumaric acid in both mushrooms and possibly conjugated caffeic acid in pink oyster. Texture analysis results of the prototypes were close to the values of fried shrimp. However, although the sensory qualities of the final prototypes were perceived as similar to shrimp, further improvements in the recipe are necessary to make the prototypes indistinguishable from shrimp.
Image 1
•
Lion’s mane and pink oyster mushrooms possess good nutritional quality.
•
Conjugated phenolic acids were detected in the mushroom extracts.
•
Texture analyses of prototypes closely mimicked shrimp texture.
Industrial Relevance: Consumption of seafood like shrimps has massive impacts on the environment as it causes overfishing and bycatch, or water pollution due to aquacultures. To shift consumption to more sustainable choices, comparable alternatives to seafood and shrimps are needed. Shrimps contain high amounts of protein whilst they are low in calories and fat. Mushrooms are suggested as possible substitutions due to their high-quality nutritional profiles. Mushroom-based shrimp analogues with a texture similar to shrimp were then developed. Currently, there is a gap between the consumer demand for more choices of sustainable vegetarian/vegan seafood and plant-based seafood products being sold. The “Mushrimps” will fill this gap and open up a new market of plant-based seafood alternatives that are healthy, nutritious, and sustainable, and which take advantage of locally-grown ingredients.
ALSUntangled #73: Lion's Mane Muhanna, Maya; Lund, Issac; Bromberg, Mark ...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal degeneration
25, Številka:
3-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Lion's Mane (
has historically been used as traditional medicine in Asia and Europe for its potential benefits in fighting infection and cancer. It has gained interest in the neurodegenerative ...disease field because of its mechanisms of action; these include anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, and promoting neurite growth demonstrated in various cell and animal models. A very small, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild cognitive impairment showed a temporary improvement in cognitive function; this finding has yet to be replicated. However, there have been no studies in ALS cell or animal models or in humans with ALS. Lion's Mane appears safe and inexpensive when consumed in powder or capsule, but one anaphylactic case was reported after a patient consumed fresh Lion's Mane mushroom. Currently, we do not have enough information to support the use of Lion's Mane for treating ALS. We support further research in ALS disease models and clinical trials to study its efficacy.
While it has long been held that invasive plants alter ecosystem processes, the magnitude and direction of these effects have rarely been quantified in situ. We measured the effects of an invasive C4 ...grass (Microstegium vimineum) on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in a deciduous forest in south-central Indiana, USA. The unique 13C signature of the C4 grass relative to the C3 trees allowed us to partition soil CO2 fluxes and estimate M. vimineum effects on decomposition. The magnitude and direction of priming effects hinged on the soil characteristics, which related to the mycorrhizal association of dominant trees. In forest plots dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees, with low nitrogen availability and most SOM in particulate (i.e., unprotected) forms, M. vimineum increased SOM decomposition by 58%. In contrast, in plots dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal trees, characterized by high nitrogen availability and most SOM in mineral-associated (i.e., protected) forms, M. vimineum decreased decomposition by 14%. Collectively, our results demonstrate that invasive species can play a large role in altering ecosystem processes and suggest that the magnitude and direction of such effects depend on the dominant trees and edaphic characteristics of the stand.
Display omitted
•Invasive C4 grasses modify SOM decomposition in temperate deciduous forests in the USA.•SOM decomposition hinged on mycorrhizal association of the dominant trees.•In situ measurements revealed enhanced SOM decomposition in ectomycorrhizal systems.•In arbuscular-dominated systems, the invasive grass reduced SOM decomposition.•Invader effects depend on dominant trees and edaphic characteristics of the stand.
Until recently, mammalian sex differentiation was thought to be finalized in the embryo. Development of the tubular genital tract, external genitalia, secondary sexual characteristics and sexual ...behavior are determined largely by the developing gonad. In the last decade, however, it has been shown that continuous sex maintenance is required throughout life. We document proposed ovary to testis transdifferentiation in six captive South African lionesses. These lions were phenotypically female until, as older adults, they began to develop manes, clitoromegaly and increased levels of restlessness and aggression. Similar phenotypic and behavioral changes have been reported very rarely in free-ranging lionesses. Five of the lionesses had been treated repeatedly with deslorelin until they stopped showing estrus. Serum levels of testosterone were similar to those recorded in domestic tom cats in the three lionesses tested. Histological examination revealed an absence of ovarian follicles and small to large scattered islands of interstitial-like cells associated, in larger lesions, with Sertoli-like cells arranged in tubular structures. Oviduct and uterus were present in the four animals in which these were sampled. To date, most studies on this phenomenon have been conducted in laboratory animals. This is the first report of this condition in felids.
•Six lionizers with manes had testicular-like cells but no follicles in their ovaries.•Masculinization regressed after ovariohysterectomy.•Germ cell death due to contraception may result in ovarian transdifferentiation.
Background-Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and a decline in cognitive function. While ...the exact cause of AD is still unclear, recent studies point to lifestyle, diet, environmental, and genetic factors as contributors to disease progression. The pharmaceutical approaches developed to date do not alter disease progression. More than two hundred promising drug candidates have failed clinical trials in the past decade, suggesting that the disease and its causes may be highly complex. Medicinal plants and herbal remedies are now gaining more interest as complementary and alternative interventions and are a valuable source for developing drug candidates for AD. Indeed, several scientific studies have described the use of various medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals for the treatment of AD. This article reviews a subset of herbs for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cognitive-enhancing effects. Methods-This article systematically reviews recent studies that have investigated the role of neuroprotective herbs and their bioactive compounds for dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease and pre-Alzheimer's disease. PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases of articles were collected, and abstracts were reviewed for relevance to the subject matter. Conclusions-Medicinal plants have great potential as part of an overall program in the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with AD. It is hoped that these medicinal plants can be used in drug discovery programs for identifying safe and efficacious small molecules for AD.
PDF
