This study determined the vitamin B12 content of the edible medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus, lion’s mane mushroom fruiting body, using a microbiological assay based on Lactobacillus delbrueckii ...ATCC 7830. Trace levels (0.04–0.36 μg/100 g dry weight) of vitamin B12 were found in most of the dried mushroom samples, and two samples contained slightly higher levels (0.56 and 1.04 μg/100 g dry weight, respectively) of vitamin B12. We purified the corrinoid compounds from the extracts of dried lion’s mane mushroom fruiting bodies using an immunoaffinity column and identified them as vitamin B12 or vitamin B12c-lactone (or both) based on LC/ESI–MS/MS chromatograms. This is the first report on an unnatural corrinoid, vitamin B12c-lactone, occurring in foods. Vitamin B12c-lactone was simple to produce during incubation of authentic vitamin B12 and chloramine-T, an antimicrobial agent, at varying pH values (3.0–7.0) and was completely inactive in the vitamin B12-dependent bacteria that are generally used in vitamin B12 bioassays.
Little is known about the animal- and diet-related factors that could interfere with the plasma zinc (Zn) concentrations of equines. Additionally, the adequacy of plasma to reflect changes in the Zn ...intake is unclear. In the first part of this study, the plasma Zn concentrations of hospitalized horses and ponies (
= 538) were measured and evaluated for the impact of the age, sex, horse type, and internal diseases of the animals. In the second part, the effects of increasing dietary Zn chloride hydroxide and Zn methionine supplementations were assessed on the plasma and mane hair Zn concentrations of healthy horses (
= 2) and ponies (
= 8). Part 1: The age, sex, and horse type did not influence the plasma Zn concentrations. No effect of internal diseases was observed, with the exception of higher plasma Zn concentrations in animals with metabolic disorders compared to the control group (
< 0.05). Part 2: Both Zn supplements dose-dependently increased the Zn concentrations in the mane hair (
= 0.003), but not in the plasma of the horses and ponies. In conclusion, the plasma Zn concentrations were widely unaffected by nutritional and non-nutritional factors in equines, while mane hair samples better reflected the dietary Zn supply.
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region encodes three types of class II molecules designated HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP. Both the
HLA-DQ
and
-DP
gene region comprise a duplicated tandem of
...A
and
B
genes, whereas in macaques, only one set of genes is present per region. A substantial sequencing project on the
DQ
and
DP
genes in various macaque populations resulted in the detection of previously 304 unreported full-length alleles. Phylogenetic studies showed that humans and macaques share trans-species lineages for the
DQA1
and
DQB1
genes, whereas the
DPA1
and
DPB1
lineages in macaques appear to be species-specific. Amino acid variability plot analyses revealed that each of the four genes displays more allelic variation in macaques than is encountered in humans. Moreover, the numbers of different amino acids at certain positions in the encoded proteins are higher than in humans. This phenomenon is remarkably prominent at the contact positions of the peptide-binding sites of the deduced macaque DPβ-chains. These differences in the MHC class II DP regions of macaques and humans suggest separate evolutionary mechanisms in the generation of diversity.
Concerns about extreme peritumoral edema and its ensuing surgical and perioperative complications led the authors to use the bilateral fronto-orbito-nasal approach to remove midline anterior skull ...base meningiomas that were larger than 4 cm. The authors hypothesize that extreme vasogenic edema exemplified by finger-like hyperintensities extending into the bifrontal white matter and external capsule and/or the extreme capsule, coined the lion's mane sign (LMS), would help identify patients with a challenging postoperative course. They hypothesize that the LMS would better predict symptomatic postoperative cerebral edema than the edema index (EI).
This is an observational case series of 9 patients. The authors noted the grade, pathology, tumor volume, EI, and the presence or absence of the LMS in all tumors. They used the intensive unit care (ICU) length of stay as a nonspecific measure reflecting postoperative symptomatic cerebral edema. Comparisons of edema-related postoperative complications and the EI were made between patients with and without an LMS.
Bifrontal hyperintensities, extending into at least three-eighths of the length of the external capsules on T2-weighted MRI, seen in 4 of 9 patients, portended a longer postoperative ICU stay. The presence of an LMS better predicted postoperative complications related to cerebral edema than tumor grade, pathology, volume, or EI.
The LMS predicts an increased duration of stay in the ICU after a bilateral fronto-orbito-nasal approach for resection of large and giant anterior skull base meningiomas. Furthermore, the LMS better predicted increased length of stay in the ICU than did the EI.
Cetaceans are well-known for their intelligence, charismatic nature, and curiosity. Many species, particularly odontocetes, are known to investigate and manipulate novel objects they encounter. Yet, ...disentangling the drivers of these behaviors and distinguishing between those that are simply playful and those which serve a specific function remains challenging due to a lack of direct observations and detailed descriptions of behaviors. This is particularly true for mysticetes such as humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), as records of object use are far less common than in odontocetes. Here, we present evidence of novel object use from a first of its kind encounter between an individual humpback whale and a large lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) in the coastal waters off New England. We detail the interaction and discuss possible drivers for the behavior, with a focus on cetacean innovation, ectoparasite removal, and wound healing.
Coprinus comatus strains (CCMs) originating from Poland were identified using ITS region sequencing. Based on the sequences obtained, the genetic relationship between the CCM strains was determined ...and a clear separation of all strains into two main clusters was obtained. The Coprinus strains were also genetically characterized for the first time by the AFLP technique. The analysis showed that the CCMs separated into four main clusters and a high complication of a UPGMA-based dendrogram was achieved. C. comatus strains included in the analysis displayed an AFLP profile similarity level in the range from 44 to 66%. The highest similarity coefficient, 0.490, was found between CCM12 and CCM13, and the lowest (0.202) between the CCM2 and CCM5 isolates. Biolog FF MicroPlates were applied to obtain data on utilization of 95 carbon sources and mycelial growth. The analysis allowed comparison of the functional diversity of the CCM strains and revealed a broad variability within the analyzed Coprinus species based on substrate utilization profiles. Significant differences (2-48) have been shown in the substrate richness values. The Biolog experiments proved to be a good profiling technology for studying the diversity in shaggy manes due to metabolic differences and demonstrated that all the strains might be considered individually. It is evident that the strain metabolic grouping does not correlate with the grouping based on the ITS sequences and AFLP profiles, however, some similarities may be observed.
Hericium
is an edible, highly sought after wood rotting fungus of temperate deciduous forests. There is little or no commercial forest production on wood substrates, unlike shiitake for which there ...is considerable commercial demand. There are no detailed descriptions of production practices, and very few commercially available strains. This study compared yield of mushrooms from four different strains—one commercial,
Hericium erinaceus
and three strains of
H. americanum
isolated locally (upstate NewYork). Each strain was inoculated onto totem stacks of American beech (
Fagus grandifolia
) and mushroom production was monitored for five years. There were differences among strains in the percentages of totems that fruited over the five year duration of the experiment. Significantly fewer logs fruited of the commercial strain compared to the locally isolated strains. There were no significant difference among the four strains with respect to the yield of mushroom per log, but yield varied significantly depending on the number of years after inoculation, with peak production during the third and fourth years. Peak production levels were similar to the commercial yield of forest cultivated shiitake mushrooms. The successful forest production of
Hericium
mushrooms on totem stacks, and the yield potential demonstrated here suggest that this non-timber forest crop may be suitable for commercial production.
We have undertaken structural, geomorphological, and morphometric analyses to investigate the role of tectonism and climate in the landscape evolution in the upper Spiti valley, NW Himalayas. ...Geomorphometric analyses coupled with field investigations reveal active tectonic deformation in the Spiti region. The calculated geomorphic indices (steepness, concavity and Hack) demonstrate uplift/subsidence along the Kaurik–Chango fault, whereas transverse topographic index (T-index) reveals basin tilting associated with active faulting near Hansa and Lingti valley. Investigation of well-dated Mane palaeolake sediments also provides evidence of regional tectonic instability. Four episodes (ca. 7.8, 7.4, 6.5 and 6.1calka) of neotectonic activity have been identified during the period of the lake's existence. We have also compiled data on the regional climate variability and compared it with the age of the Mane palaeo-landslide. Our results indicate that the landslide occurred towards the end of the early Holocene intensified monsoon phase and is located near an active fault. Our data on regional tectonic instability and the coincidences of modern and palaeo-landslides with zones of active deformation suggest that tectonism is an important factor governing landscape stability in the Spiti region.
► Role of tectonics and climate on regional landscape evolution in Spiti valley. ► Lake sediments provide evidences for early Holocene tectonic instability. ► Accumulated field data lend credence for a tectonic trigger for palaeo-landslides.
Entrevista a Milton Vidal y Carlos Liévano.Director de la Escuela de Sociología de la Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano de Santiago de Chile (Chile) y líder de la Mesa Amplia Estudiantil de ...Universidades Privadas de Cali (Colombia).
Entrevista a Milton Vidal y Carlos Liévano. Director de la Escuela de Sociología de la Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano de Santiago de Chile (Chile) y líder de la Mesa Amplia Estudiantil ...de Universidades Privadas de Cali (Colombia).
![Vitamin B12[c‑lactone], a B...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0021-8561/small "Vitamin B12[c‑lactone], a Biologically Inactive Corrinoid Compound, Occurs in Cultured and Dried Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) Fruiting Bodies")
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