The aim of this study was to optimize the culture medium used for the mycelial growth and production of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) in a submerged culture of ...Hericium erinaceum. Of the various factors examined, including carbon and nitrogen sources, vitamins, mineral elements, and initial pH, those that proved to have a significant effect were then tested using a 2⁴ central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Under the optimal culture conditions, the maximal yield of biomass reached 14.24 ± 0.45 g l⁻¹ and was 1.85-fold higher than in the basal medium. The kinetics of EPS biosynthesis in a bioreactor showed that although the highest yield of EPS (2.75 ± 0.27 g l⁻¹) could be obtained on day 8, the process of biosynthesizing high molecular weight polysaccharides proceeded until the depletion of the carbon source in the medium (after 14 days of cultivation). Our results could be very helpful in the large-scale production of bioactive polysaccharides from H. erinaceum.
Pig-tailed macaques (
Macaca nemestrina
) are a commonly studied primate model of human AIDS. The
Mane-A1*084:01
MHC class I allele (previously named
Mane-A*10
) is important for the control of SIV ...infection by CD8+ T cells in this model. Validated methods to detect this allele in large numbers of macaques are lacking. We studied this MHC allele using sequence-specific PCRs in 217 pig-tailed macaques and identified 75 (35%) positive animals. We then performed massively parallel pyrosequencing with a universal 568-bp MHC class I cDNA-PCR amplicon for 50 of these 75 macaques. All 50 animals expressed
Mane-A1*084:01
or closely related variants of the
Mane-A1*084
lineage.
Mane-A1*084
transcripts accounted for an average of 20.9% of all class I sequences identified per animal. SIV infection of a subset of these macaques resulted in the induction of SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses detected by Mane-A1*084:01 tetramers. An average of 19 distinct class I transcripts were identified per animal by pyrosequencing. This analysis revealed 89 new
Mane
class I sequences as well as 32 previously described sequences that were extended with the longer amplicons employed in the current study. In addition, multiple
Mane
class I haplotypes that had been inferred previously based on shared transcript profiles between unrelated animals were confirmed for a subset of animals where pedigree information was available. We conclude that sequence-specific PCR is useful to screen pig-tailed macaques for
Mane-A1*084:01
, although pyrosequencing permits a much broader identification of the repertoire of MHC class I sequences and haplotypes expressed by individual animals.
This paper addresses the efficient adaptation of encrypted scalable video content (H.264/SVC). RTP-based in-network adaptation schemes on a media aware network element (MANE) in an IPTV and VoD ...scenario are considered.
Two basic alternatives to implement encryption and adaptation of H.264/SVC content are investigated: (i) full, format-independent encryption making use of Secure RTP (SRTP); (ii) SVC-specific encryption that leaves the metadata relevant for adaptation (NAL unit headers) unencrypted.
The SRTP-based scheme (i) is straightforward to deploy, but requires the MANE to be in the security context of the delivery, i.e., to be a trusted node. For adaptation, the content needs to be decrypted, scaled, and re-encrypted. The SVC-specific approach (ii) enables both full and selective encryption, e.g., of the base layer only. SVC-specific encryption is based on own previous work, which is substantially extended and detailed in this paper. The adaptation MANE can now be an untrusted node; adaptation becomes a low-complexity process, avoiding full decryption and re-encryption of the content.
This paper presents the first experimental comparison of these two approaches and evaluates whether multimedia-specific encryption can lead to performance and application benefits. Potential security threats and security properties of the two approaches in the IPTV and VoD scenario are elementarily analyzed. In terms of runtime performance on the MANE our SVC-specific encryption scheme significantly outperforms the SRTP-based approach. SVC-specific encryption is also superior in terms of induced end-to-end delays. The performance can even be improved by selective application of the SVC-specific encryption scheme. The results indicate that the efficient adaptation of SVC-encrypted content on low-end, untrusted network devices is feasible.
Este articulo muestra el proceso coyuntural de la Mesa Amplia Nacional de Estudiantes, la cual surge como una forma de resistencia estudiantil, en contra de la Reforma que el gobierno Santos propone ...hacer a la ley 30 de 1992. Esta es la que estructura la educación superior en Colombia. La MANE es un movimiento social de representación estudiantil. Ha logrado legitimidad por el uso de nuevas formas de manifestación pacífica y ganado fuerza a nivel nacional, aumentando sus posibilidades de influir en la política colombiana. Dentro de este movimiento, se dieron dos momentos: el primero ligado a la resistencia estudiantil y el segundo referente a la creación de una nueva propuesta de ley para la educación.
Our previous study demonstrated that tentacle extract (TE) from the jellyfish
(
) could cause a weak relaxation response mediated by nitric oxide (NO) using isolated aorta rings. However, the ...intracellular mechanisms of TE-induced vasodilation remain unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the role of TE on Akt/eNOS/NO and Ca
signaling pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results showed that TE induced dose- and time-dependent increases of eNOS activity and NO production. And TE also induced Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in HUVECs. However, treatment with specific PI3-kinase inhibitor (Wortmannin) significantly inhibited the increases in NO production and Akt/eNOS phosphorylation. In addition, TE also stimulated an increase in the intracellular Ca
concentration (Ca
), which was significantly attenuated by either IP
receptor blocker (Heparin) or PKC inhibitor (PKC 412). In contrast, extracellular Ca
-free, L-type calcium channel blocker (Nifedipine), or PKA inhibitor (H89) had no influence on the Ca
elevation. Since calcium ions also play a critical role in stimulating eNOS activity, we next explored the role of Ca
in TE-induced Akt/eNOS activation. In consistent with the attenuation of Ca
elevation, we found that Akt/eNOS phosphorylation was also dramatically decreased by Heparin or PKC 412, but not affected by Nifedipine or H89. However, the phosphorylation level could also be decreased by the removal of extracellular calcium. Taken together, our findings indicated that TE-induced eNOS phosphorylation and activation were mainly through PI3K/Akt-dependent, PKC/IP
R-sensitive and Ca
-dependent pathways.
Pasture selection by livestock is an essential topic for rangeland management, especially in trace element-contaminated soils. We have studied the composition (nutrients and trace elements) of a ...grass-based diet from soils affected by a mine spill at different growth stages (October 2008 to May 2009). A diet based on other plants (mainly
Compositae
species) was also studied (May 2009) for comparison. Faeces and mane hair of horses feeding on these pastures were also analysed. Micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and potentially toxic trace element (As, Cd, Pb, Tl) concentrations were below the maximum tolerable levels (MTL) for horses, except for Fe (at early growth of pastures) and Cd (in the diet based on ‘other’ plants). Values of potential ingestion of Fe by horses were higher than 10 mg kg body weight
− 1
day
− 1
. Cadmium concentrations in some pasture samples (those composed of
Compositae
species) were higher than 3 mg kg
− 1
. Potential toxicity of such Cd levels in pastures is uncertain, since a high disparity of criteria about MTL by cattle exists (between 0.5 and 10 mg kg
− 1
diet). Nutrient concentrations were adequate for horses, which could counteract possible harmful effects derived from trace element ingestion. The analyses of excreta and mane hair point to the low risk of toxicity derived from the consumption of these contaminated pastures. However, the ingestion of regenerating pastures (autumnal samples) should be avoided due to the greater risk of ingestion of contaminated soil attached to the plant material. Management of these pastures by grazing requires periodic monitoring. Special attention should be given to Fe and particularly Cd (non-essential element) which accumulates in animal organs, where it could provoke uncertain long-term effects.
During 2011, they were held several demonstrations of young people of both public and private universities, against the proposed education reform of Law 30 of 1992 by the government of President Juan ...Manuel Santos, settling the Wide Board National Student (MANE). The marches and collective actions of young officers of the board, allowed the society to have a different image of the student movement, because of the creativity and the realization of their ideas to defend education. Therefore, the question for the configuration of political subjectivities of MANE arises through the methodological resource of critical analysis of discourse , showing that the actions of young people were recognized in society and that readings on the social and educational reality in the country, allowed them reflected upon as political subjects.To analyze the configuration of political subjectivities, the theoretical contributions of the researchers Juliana Cubides, Alcira Aguilera and author Norbert Lechner, who conceptualized this category based on social andstudent movements, which allowed the way to understand how young people have been involved in society, implementing nursing care struggling to transform education.
Durante o ano 2011, foram realizadas várias manifestações de jovens de ambas universidades públicas e privadas, contra a reforma da educação proposta na Lei 30 de 1992 apresentada pelo governo do presidente Juan Manuel Santos, estabelecendo-se a Mesa Ampla Nacional Estudantil (MANE). As marchas e ações coletivas dos jovens da Mesa permitiram que a sociedade tivesse uma imagem diferente do movimento estudantil, pela criatividade e a concretização de suas ideias para defender a educação; portanto, surge a pergunta para a configuração das subjetividades políticas da MANE, através do recurso metodológico da análise crítica do discurso, demonstrando-se que as ações dos jovens foram reconhecidas na sociedade, e que as leituras sobre a realidade social e educacional no país, permitiu-lhes que refletiram-se como sujeitos políticos.Para analisar a configuração das subjetividades políticas, foram tomadas as contribuições teóricas das pesquisadoras Juliana Cubides, Alcira Aguilera e do autor Norbert Lechner, quem conceitualizam esta categoria com base nos movimentos sociais e estudantis, o que permitiu que se compreendesse a maneira como os jovens foram protagonistas na sociedade, implementando ações instituintes que lutam para transformar a educação.
Durante el año 2011, se llevaron a cabo diversas movilizaciones de jóvenes tanto de universidades públicas como privadas, en contra de la propuesta de la reforma educativa de la ley 30 de 1992, presentada por el gobierno del presidente Juan Manuel Santos, conformándose la Mesa Amplia Nacional Estudiantil (MANE). Las marchas y las acciones colectivas de los jóvenes de la Mesa, permitieron que la sociedad tuviera una imagen diferente del movimiento estudiantil, por la creatividad y la concreción de sus ideas para defender la educación; por locual surge la pregunta para la configuración de las subjetividades políticas de la MANE, mediante el recurso metodológico del análisis crítico del discurso, demostrándose que las acciones de los jóvenes fueron reconocidas en la sociedad, y que las lecturas sobre la realidad social y educativa en el país, les permitió reflexionarse como sujetos políticos.Para analizar la configuración de las subjetividades políticas, se tomaron los aportes teóricos de las investigadoras Juliana Cubides, Alcira Aguilera y del autor Norbert Lechner, quienes conceptualizan esta categoría con base enlos movimientos sociales y estudiantiles, lo que permitió que se comprendiera la manera como los jóvenes han sido protagonistas en la sociedad, implementando acciones instituyentes que luchan por transformar la educación.
This paper explores design options and evaluates implementations of in-network, RTP/RTSP based adaptation MANEs (Media Aware Network Elements) for H.264/SVC content streaming. The obvious technique ...to be employed by such an adaptation MANE is to perform SVC specific bitstream extraction or truncation. Another mechanism that can be used is description (metadata) driven, coding format independent adaptation based on generic Bitstream Syntax Descriptions (gBSD), as specified within MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA). Adaptation MANE architectures for both approaches are developed and presented, implemented in end-to-end streaming/adaptation prototype systems, and experimentally evaluated and compared. For the gBSD based solution, open issues like the granularity of bitstream descriptions and of bitstream adaptation, metadata overhead, metadata packetization and transport options, and error resilience in case of metadata losses, are addressed. The experimental results indicate that a simple SVC specific adaptation MANE does clearly outperform the gBSD based adaptation variants. Yet, the conceptual advantages of the description driven approach, like coding format independence and flexibility, may outweigh the performance drawbacks in specific applications.
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