Object Trimming Kahan, Todd A; Enns, James T
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance,
02/2010, Letnik:
36, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Five experiments demonstrate that when dots appear beside a briefly presented target object, and persist on view longer than the target, the flanked object is perceptually altered by the dots. Three ...methods are used to explore this
object trimming effect
. Experiments 1-3 assess participants' conscious reports of trimmed digits, Experiment 4 uses repetition priming to explore the target representation, and Experiment 5 examines the perception of apparent motion in trimmed targets. Results of all three methods indicate that object trimming is influenced by mechanisms of perceptual grouping that operate on target representations prior to conscious access. Separate contributions from visual crowding and backward masking are also identified. These results imply that common-onset masking does not always result from the target being substituted by the mask, but that target and mask can sometimes maintain separate mental representations.
This paper describes a new class of anti-stiction coatings for polysilicon MEMS. This class of molecular film is based on the free radical reaction of a primary alkene (e.g. 1-octadecene C
16H
...33CHCH
2) with hydrogen terminated silicon
1,2. The new coating has several key advantages over the previously reported octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) based self-assembled monolayers (SAM)
3,4: (1) the coating does not produce HCl at any stage in the monolayer formation whereas chlorosilane based chemistry does. (2) The coating does not require the formation of an intervening charge-trapping oxide layer. (3) The film formation procedure for alkene based monolayers is simpler than for chlorosilane based SAMs for two main reasons. First, the surface re-oxidation step is entirely eliminated. Second, the coating solution does not need to be conditioned before use, since water is not a reagent in this process. (4) The coating process is much more robust since it is essentially insensitive to relative humidity. (5) The coated structures have many fewer particulates in comparison to those coated with OTS. (6) The coating process can be made selective to coat only exposed silicon by generating radicals using a radical initiator.
The coating has been evaluated in several ways, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle analysis, work of adhesion by cantilever beam array technique and coefficient of static friction using a sidewall testing device. The octadecene film is compared to the OTS SAM with respect to anti-stiction properties. XPS data confirm the absence of oxygen in both freshly prepared samples and in samples aged for more than 4 months in laboratory ambient. Water and hexadecane contact angles, and work of adhesion data are similar to those of OTS. AFM shows that the samples, which receive 1-octadecene films, accumulate far fewer particles during processing than those which receive the OTS SAM treatment. Based upon the data presented here, we find that the anti-stiction properties of films produced with the alkene chemistry are indeed comparable to those produced with the chlorosilane SAMs, but without many of the limitations imposed by the chlorosilane chemistry.
This paper reports the successful development of the first IC-integrated flexible MEMS shear-stress sensor skin. The sensor skin is 1 cm wide, 2 cm long, and 70 /spl mu/m thick. It contains 16 ...shear-stress sensors, which are arranged in a 1-D array, with on-skin sensor bias, signal-conditioning, and multiplexing circuitry. We further demonstrated the application of the sensor skin by packaging it on a semicylindrical aluminum block and testing it in a subsonic wind tunnel. In our experiment, the sensor skin has successfully identified both the leading-edge flow separation and stagnation points with the on-skin circuitry. The integration of IC with MEMS sensor skin has significantly simplified implementation procedures and improved system reliability.
This paper describes a technique for enhancing the Mel-filtered log spectra of noisy speech, with application to noise robust speech recognition. We first compute an SNR-based soft-decision mask in ...the Mel-spectral domain as an indicator of speech presence. Then, we exploit the known time-frequency correlation of speech by treating this mask as an image, and performing median filtering and blurring to remove the outliers and to smooth the decision regions. This mask constitutes a set of multiplicative coefficients (ranging in 0,1) that are used to discard the unreliable parts of the Mel-filtered log-spectrum of noisy speech. Finally, we apply Log-Spectral Flooring 1 on the liftered spectra of both clean and noisy speech so as to match their respective dynamic ranges and to emphasize the information in the spectral peaks. The noisy MFCCs computed on these modified log-spectra show an increased similarity with their corresponding clean MFCCs. Evaluation on the Aurora-2 corpus shows that the proposed approach competes with state-of-the-art front-ends, like ETSI-AFE, MVA or PNCC.
In this paper, mask line edge roughness contribution to the final resist roughness is studied. For this purpose, dedicated line and space modules were designed. Both correlated and anticorrelated ...edge modulations were considered. For each modulation type, frequency and amplitude were varied. Two pitches were exposed with EUV ASML Alpha Demo Tool: 88 and 128nm in both horizontal and vertical direction. Analysis in the frequency domain was done by means of edge detection of top-down resist images.
It was found that the lithographic optical system acts as a low pass filter for the mask line edge roughness frequency components: low frequencies mask roughness, lower that the optical system cut-off, were fully transferred on wafer, and characterized by power spectral density analysis. Moreover, it was established that high frequency mask roughness component had a detrimental effect on low frequency resist roughness, due to an aerial image degradation. Optical simulations were run to confirm experimental results.
I artikeln diskuteras hur munskyddet tog sig in i offentligheten: i det offentliga samtalet, i mode, populärkultur och medier samt i det fysiska offentliga rummet och därigenom laddades med nya ...innebörder.
In asthmatic patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), placing an endotracheal tube is associated with a high rate of complications and results in increased airway resistance. In acute asthma, ...mask−continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases airway resistance and the work of breathing (WOB), but does not improve gas exchange. In COPD with ARF, adding intermittent positive pressure ventilation to mask−CPAP results in an additional improvement in WOB and is highly effective in correcting gas exchange abnormalities. In our medical ICU, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is used as first−line interventional therapy in eligible patients with hypercapnic ARF. We report our experience with NPPV in 17 episodes of asthma and ARF over a 3−year period.
A face mask was secured with head straps, avoiding a tight fit, and connected to a ventilator (PB−7200). Initial ventilatory settings included CPAP at 4±2 cm H2O to offset intrinsic positive end−expiratory pressure and pressure support ventilation (PSV) at 14±5 cm H2O aiming at a respiratory rate less than 25 breaths/min and an exhaled tidal volume of 7 mL/kg or more. PSV was then adjusted following arterial blood gas results.
Mean age was 35.4±11.3 years; 10 patients were female. The mean (±SE) for different physiologic values are reported at initiation, less than 2 h, 2 to 6 h, and 12 to 24 h into NPPV. pH was 7.25±0.01, 7.32±0.02 (p=0.0012), 7.36±0.02 (p>0.0001), and 7.38±0.02; PaCO2 was 65±2, 52±3 (p=0.002), 45±3 (p>0.0001), and 45±4; PaO2 fraction of inspired oxygen was 315±41, 403±47, 367±47, and 472±67 (p=0.06); and respiratory rate was: 29.1±1, 22±1 (p>0.0001), 20±l, and 17±1. NPPV was well tolerated, and only two patients required sedation. Initial delivered minute ventilation was 16±4 L/min. The mean (±SD) peak inspiratory pressure to ventilate in the NPPV−treated patients was 18±5 cm H2O and always less than 25 cm H2O. There was no complication or problem with expectorating of secretions. Oral intake (liquid diet) was preserved. Two patients required intubation (35 min and 89 h into NPPV) for worsening PaCO2. Duration of NPPV was 16±21 h. All patients survived. Length of hospital stay was 5±4 days.
In asthmatic patients with ARF, NPPV via a face mask appears highly effective in correcting gas exchange abnormalities using a low inspiratory pressure (>25 cm H2O). A randomized study is in progress to assess fully the role of NPPV in status asthmaticus.
O objetivo da presente comunicação é apresentar o Máskara – Núcleo Transdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Teatro, Dança e Performance, da Escola de Música e Artes Cênicas (EMAC), da Universidade Federal de ...Goiás (UFG). O intuito deste artigo é discutir o conjunto dessas práticas teatrais percorrido pelo Máskara, que culminou na temporada de audiência pública de Esperando Godot encenada em 2005. É uma leitura (inter) transdisciplinar que abarca os processos da práxis teatral com os estudos das performances em suas dimensões representativas.
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