AIM: Functional relationships between species groups on macroecological scales have often been inferred from comparisons of species numbers across space. On large spatial scales, however, it is ...difficult to assess whether correlations of species numbers represent actual functional relationships. Here, we investigated the functional relationship between a feeding guild (fruit‐eating birds) and its resource (fleshy‐fruited plants) by studying the matching of their functional traits across spatial scales, from individual interactions to regional patterns. LOCATION: A 3000‐m elevational gradient in the tropical Andes. METHODS: We sampled plant–bird interactions at two sites along the elevational gradient, and using multivariate statistics (fourth‐corner analysis) we identified corresponding morphological traits of birds and plants that influenced which bird species fed from which plant species. We then tested whether the functional trait diversities of the bird species assemblages matched those of the plant species assemblages along the elevational gradient. RESULTS: Corresponding functional traits of birds and plants were closely and significantly correlated on the scale of individual plant–bird interactions. On the regional scale, the functional diversities, but not species numbers, of bird and plant assemblages correlated significantly along the elevational gradient. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of species interaction networks with multivariate statistics was a powerful tool for identifying relationships between functional traits of interacting species. The close functional relationships between birds and plants on the scale of individual interactions and on the regional scale show that comparisons of functional trait diversities, based on matching traits of interacting species, are better suited than correlations of species numbers to reveal the mechanisms behind large‐scale diversity patterns of interacting species. The identification of functional interdependences between interacting species on large spatial scales will be important for improving predictive models of species distributions in space and time.
The presence of indigenous people in tropical parks has fueled a debate over whether people in parks are conservation allies or direct threats to biodiversity. A well-known example is the Matsigenka ...(or Machiguenga) population residing in Manu National Park in Peruvian Amazonia. Because the exploitation of wild meat (or bushmeat), especially large vertebrates, represents the most significant internal threat to biodiversity in Manu, we analyzed 1 year of participatory monitoring of game offtake in two Matsigenka native communities within Manu Park (102,397 consumer days and 2,089 prey items). We used the Robinson and Redford (1991) index to identify five prey species hunted at or above maximum sustainable yield within the ~150-km² core hunting zones of the two communities: woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha), spider monkey (Ateles chamek), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Razor-billed Currasow (Mitu tuberosa), and Spix's Guan (Penelope jacquacu). There was little or no evidence that any of these five species has become depleted, other than locally, despite a near doubling of the human population since 1988. Hunter-prey profiles have not changed since 1988, and there has been little change in per capita consumption rates or mean prey weights. The current offtake by the Matsigenka appears to be sustainable, apparently due to source-sink dynamics. Source-sink dynamics imply that even with continued human population growth within a settlement, offtake for each hunted species will eventually reach an asymptote. Thus, stabilizing the Matsigenka population around existing settlements should be a primary policy goal for Manu Park.
From the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes, a jewel of biodiversity extends to the lowlands, the headwaters of the Amazon. Experts estimate that up to 500,000 different types of creatures exist in ...Manú National Park: From giant otters to caimans and rare birds, to more than 5,000 plant species.
Von den Osthängen der peruanischen Anden erstreckt sich ein Juwel der Biodiversität bis in das Tiefland, dem Quellgebiet des Amazonas. Experten schätzen, dass im Nationalpark Manú bis zu 500.000 verschiedene Arten von Lebewesen existieren: von Riesenottern über Kaimane und seltene Vögel, bis hin zu mehr als 5.000 Pflanzenarten.
RESUMO Apresentamos um Nietzsche pouco conhecido e com marcas profundas de uma cultura oriental que ocupou seu espírito e seus escritos. A Índia, o pensamento nela inserido e o que chegou à Alemanha ...até a época do filósofo, não foi ou se tornou uma simples aventura ou curiosidade em Nietzsche, senão um choque proveitoso de cultura, misturado com um encanto de pensamento sistemático, novos olhares e ousadias. Novos olhares: fora das fronteiras europeias, fora da moral e erudição (otimismo da razão moderna). Nietzsche deleita-se, aconchega-se, encontra-se e anseia, como ele mesmo expressa, mais e mais. A Índia lhe faz bem, muito bem, bem além do bem e do mal. Uma Índia que, além de ser ponto de referência para suas comparações frente ao cristianismo, servia-lhe de ponte ou de inspiração para além-do-homem. E, aqui, mostramos esse encontro de ideias e damos dois exemplos de como o filósofo se apoderou delas, especialmente em torno do Manu-saṁhitā e do budismo, sobre os quais ele debruça-se com “uma espécie de sede crescente”, utilizando-os em comparações.
ABSTRACT We present here a mostly unknown Nietzsche with deep marks of an Eastern culture that occupied his spirit and his writings. India, its thinking and what was taken of it to Germany until Nietzcshe’s time were not a simple adventure or curiosity in Nietzsche, neither became one, but it was rather a fruitful cultural shock, mixed with a charm of systematic thinking, new perspectives, and boldness. New perspectives here mean to say: outside European borders, outside morals and erudition (optimism of modern reasoning). Nietzsche delights in it, feels comfortable, finds himself and yearns for it -as he himself expresses- more and more often. India suits him well, very well, way beyond good and evil. A singular India that, in addition to being a point of reference for his comparisons with Christianity, served as a bridge or an inspiration to go “beyond man”. Here we show this gathering of ideas, and we present two examples of how the philosopher seized them, especially in relation to Manu-saṁhitā and Buddhism, which he approaches with “a kind of growing thirst”, using them in comparisons.
La presente investigación desarrollo una evaluación y propuestas a los problemas arquitectónicos del Puesto de Control de Limonal, el cual funciona como infraestructura de acceso, registro y control ...del Parque Nacional del Manu, el cual además contribuye a la vigilancia de la flora y fauna y educación básica de los visitantes, siendo el objetivo principal de este trabajo la mejora de la prestación de los servicios dados en esta infraestructura a través de una intervención arquitectónica. Utilizando el método analítico-deductivo se procedió a encontrar las deficiencias en la actual edificación evaluando los componentes espacio, formal, funcional y energéticos para la realización de cambios y la optimización en la realización de las actividades y la prestación de los servicios. La investigación se define como APLICATIVA, en donde se llevó a la práctica diferentes propuestas en base de conocimiento tecnológico y científico. El proyecto se llevó a cabo en convenio entre el Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universidad Andina del Cusco, la Sociedad Zoológica de Fránkfurt y el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SERNANP, siendo el área de intervención de 100 m2 en el Puesto de Control de Limonal, ubicado en la cuenca baja del río Manu, los resultados obtenidos muestran una mayor eficiencia en la prestación de los servicios de vigilancia y control, incremento del abastecimiento energético, mejora en el confort bioclimático y mejora del servicio educativo, siendo algunos criterios usados base para la mejora de las condiciones de habitabilidad, energéticas y constructivas de la selva.
La subfamilia Polistinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) es un grupo común de la fauna neotropical, caracterizados en su mayoría por su comportamiento social. En Manu Learning Centre, dentro de la Reserva de ...Biosfera del Manu, se han colectado dichos organismos empleando trampas Malaise, de caída y bandejas amarillas durante los meses de mayo a diciembre del 2021. Se encontraron diecisiete especies de la subfamilia Polistinae, de las cuales catorce se reportan por primera vez para el departamento de Madre de Dios (Perú). El género mejor representado es Polybia Lepeletier, 1836, con 7 especies.
Summary Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective ...medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions ( r =0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 ( r =0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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