On the spatial scaling of soil moisture Western, Andrew W.; Blöschl, Günter
Journal of hydrology (Amsterdam),
04/1999, Letnik:
217, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The spatial scale of soil moisture measurements is often inconsistent with the scale at which soil moisture predictions are needed. Consequently a change of scale (upscaling or downscaling) from the ...measurements to the predictions or model values is needed. The measurement or model scale can be defined as a scale triplet, consisting of spacing, extent and support. ‘Spacing’ refers to the distance between samples; ‘extent’ refers to the overall coverage; and ‘support’ refers to the area integrated by each sample. The statistical properties that appear in the data, the apparent variance and the apparent correlation length, are as a rule different from their true values because of bias introduced by the measurement scale. In this paper, high-resolution soil moisture data from the 10.5
ha Tarrawarra catchment in south-eastern Australia are analysed to assess this bias quantitatively. For each survey up to 1536 data points in space are used. This allows a change of scale of two orders of magnitude. Apparent variances and apparent correlation lengths are calculated in a resampling analysis. Apparent correlation lengths always increase with increasing spacing, extent or support. The apparent variance increases with increasing extent, decreases with increasing support, and does not change with spacing. All of these sources of bias are a function of the
ratio of measurement scale (in terms of spacing, extent and support) and the scale of the natural variability (i.e. the true correlation length or process scale of soil moisture). In a second step this paper examines whether the bias due to spacing, extent and support can be predicted by standard geostatistical techniques of regularisation and variogram analysis. This is done because soil moisture patterns have properties, such as connectivity, that violate the standard assumptions underlying these geostatistical techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to test the robustness of these techniques by application to observed data. The comparison indicates that these techniques are indeed applicable to organised soil moisture fields and that the bias is predicted equally well for organised and random soil moisture patterns. A number of examples are given to demonstrate the implications of these results for hydrologic modelling and sampling design.
This study presents a generic model for constructing shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles for various conditions that can be used for modeling the upper-crustal modification effects in ground motion ...simulations for seismic hazard analysis. The piecewise P-wave velocity (VP) profiling model is adopted in the first place, and the VS profile model is obtained by combining the VP profiling model and VS/VP model. The used VS/VP model is constructed from various field measurements, experimental data, or CRUST1.0 data collected worldwide. By making the best use of the regionally/locally geological information, including the thickness of sedimentary and crystalline layers and reference VS values at specific depths, the VS profile can be constructed, and thus the amplification behavior of VS for a given earthquake scenario can be predicted. The generic model has been validated by four case studies of different target regions world around. The constructed profiles are found to be in fair agreement with field recordings. The frequency-dependent upper-crustal amplification factors are provided for use in stochastic ground motion simulations for each respective region. The proposed VS profiling model is proposed for region-specific use and can thus make the ground motion predictions to be partially non-ergodic.
Against the backdrop of embryonic Melbourne, John Thomas Smith left behind his currency roots to become an influential member of society. A widely recognised figure about town smoking a cutty pipe ...and wearing a white top hat, in 1851 he became Lord Mayor of Melbourne; he went on to be re-elected seven times. His scandalous marriage to the daughter of an Irish Catholic publican, however, and his awkwardly appropriated gentility, made him unpopular with certain sections of society. From 1849 to 1860 Smith and his family occupied 300 Queen Street, Melbourne, one of the first true residential townhouses in the city. Flashy, Fun and Functional: How Things Helped to Invent Melbourne’s Gold Rush Mayor explores the things they left behind. Excavations at the site in 1982 by Judy Birmingham and Associates uncovered a rich and important archaeological record of the Smiths’ lives in the form of a cesspit rubbish deposit. The recovered artefacts can be used to examine the distinctive way the Smith family used material culture to negotiate their position in colonial society. Popular decoration styles and expensive materials suggest the family’s efforts to secure their newly obtained social status. The artefacts evoke the turmoil, volatility and opportunity of life in the first decades of the colony at Port Phillip. They provide an example of the possibility of social mobility in the colony, but also of the challenges of navigating the customs of a newly forming society.
A Conversation with Peter Hall Hall, Peter; Delaigle, Aurore; Wand, Matt P.
Statistical science,
05/2016, Letnik:
31, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
Peter Gavin Hall was born in Sydney, Australia, on 20th November, 1951, and grew up in the Sydney suburb of Oatley. He received a Bachelor of Science with first class honours from the University of ...Sydney in 1974, a Master of Science from the Australian National University in 1976 and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Oxford in 1976. In 1976–1978, he was Lecturer in Statistics at the University of Melbourne. During 1978–2006, he served as Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Reader and Professor of Statistics at the Australian National University. He became Professor of Statistics at the University of Melbourne in 2006, Australian Laureate Fellow in 2012 and was Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers in 2014–2015. In 2005, he commenced a one-quarter professorial position at the University of California, Davis. Peter has published 4 books and more than 600 research articles. He has made seminal contributions concerning the bootstrap, rates of convergence, functional data analysis, martingale theory, measurement error models, nonparametric function estimation and smoothing parameter selection. Honours include the following: Officer of the Order of Australia; Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Fellow of the Royal Society of London, Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Fellow of the American Statistical Association; Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences; honorary doctorates from the Université catholique de Louvain, the Universidad de Cantabria, the University of Glasgow and the University of Sydney; the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies Award and the Guy Medal in Silver from the Royal Statistical Society. He married Jeannie Jean Chien Lo on 15th April, 1977. His mother, Ruby Payne-Scott, had a distinguished scientific career as the first woman in radio astronomy and her story is published as Under the Radar. The First Woman in Radio Astronomy: Ruby Payne-Scott (2009) Springer. In 2015, Peter was diagnosed with acute leukaemia. He passed away on 9 January, 2016, in Melbourne, Australia. This conversation took place in Melbourne, Australia, on 11 March and 1 April, 2015.
Consuming the City Weller, Sally
Urban studies (Edinburgh, Scotland),
11/2013, Letnik:
50, Številka:
14
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper examines how the conduct of a local festival of fashion retailing—the L'Oreal Melbourne Fashion Festival—reinvigorates the commodity fair format of older times. The paper takes a ...longitudinal view of the festival's evolution and draws on Lefebvre's spatiology, complemented by Terranova's approach to the participatory economy, to explore how it produces monetary value as it produces space. The discussion highlights the contradictory nature of event processes, arguing that they reinforce dominant representations of the city and extend retailers' reach into public space, but at the same time undermine spaces of business activity. The paper suggests that the event's use of participatory economies of cultural mobilisation are similar to the tactics of social movement activism, but that in this context mobilisation works to support the value-capturing strategies of local retailers and to reinscribe urban spaces as spaces of consumption.
The global city literature is largely economic-centric and pays insufficient attention to the important issue of migration. Underpinned by a theoretical cross-fertilization of the global city and the ...knowledge city theses, this study investigates migrant knowledge workers (MKWs) in Melbourne, which has multiple identities as a global city, a knowledge city and a migration city. By doing so, this study aims to use migration as an alternative indicator of a global city and unpack the association between MKWs and the formation of a global knowledge city. It analyses Melbourne's knowledge economy, and socio-economic attributes and spatial patterns of MKWs compared with other demographic groups. The results show that Melbourne has a higher concentration and stronger growth of knowledge intensive industries than Australia's national average, for which MKWs provide the substantial workforce. Further, the MKWs demonstrate a different set of socio-economic attributes and settlement patterns that have profound impacts on local communities. This paper concludes with a discussion linking the global city, the knowledge city and migration theories through the nexus of MKWs, to provide a better understanding of associated urban transformations and inform policy implications for a contemporary global knowledge city.
The Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Selwyn Block in Central Victoria forms the mainly unexposed basement to the Paleozoic metasediments, granitic rocks and felsic volcanic complexes of the Melbourne Zone ...of the Lachlan Orogen. The Late Devonian felsic rocks are largely products of partial melting of the Selwyn Block, and their chemistry implies that their sources were most probably arc-related andesite, dacite, volcaniclastic greywackes and some pelites. When plotted against the median longitudes of the plutons and volcanic complexes, the average values for
87
Sr/
86
Sr
t
and ϵNd
t
(at 370 Ma) reveal broad trends interpreted to reflect possible compositional and/or age structure in the Selwyn Block. Assuming that the trends are real, from W to E, I-type sources are progressively less crustally evolved, probably younging eastward. The S-type sources show no trend in ϵNd
t
, suggesting that there was efficient sediment mixing. The
87
Sr/
86
Sr
t
values, however, become more evolved eastward (opposite in sense to the apparent variation in the I-type sources). This is interpreted as the original Selwyn Block sediments having been more pelitic eastward, perhaps suggesting a deepening of the basin in this direction, as well as structurally upward in the succession. The opposite senses of variation highlights the spatial separation of the S- and I-type sources and suggest that the granitic magmas here are unlikely to represent any sort of mixing continuum.
Under advanced capitalism, gentrification converges with the post‐Keynesian ‘unhinging' of the state from the project of social reproduction, including its responsibilities for collective consumption ...(e.g. housing, schools). Gentrification research scrutinizes this convergence through the ongoing assault on social/affordable housing, and yet anaemic housing welfare is not its endpoint. The social contract is further fractured through the ongoing discreditation and dismantling of the full gamut of legacies of the publicly regulated Keynesian inner city, including essential social infrastructure. Focusing on public schools, as an essential site for social reproduction, this article explores how the struggle for the city under neoliberal gentrification may be emerging along additional (non‐housing) vectors. Based on a qualitative study of families' experiences of poor public education provision in central Melbourne (Australia), this article argues that the exclusionary effects of gentrification likely exceed residential encroachment as state subsidization of residents continues to yield to the subsidization of capital. In particular, this article identifies life‐stage specific, infrastructure‐related displacement pressures wrought by a state failure to provide adequate public primary schools in the ‘regeneration' of central Melbourne, and it illustrates how these pressures prompt housing strategies that unevenly divest families of the locational advantages secured in the inner city. Highlighting the role of public school deficits in the reluctant suburbanization of lesser‐resourced families assists in foregrounding state complicity in displacement dynamics and the potential for these to magnify socio‐economic, gendered and socio‐spatial inequalities across the city.
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