The 14th thematic volume of International Development Policy provides perspectives through case studies from the global Souths focusing on the challenges and opportunities of governing migration on ...the subnational, national, regional and international levels. Bringing together some thirty authors from Africa, Latin America and Asia, the book explores existing and new policies and frameworks in terms of their successes and best practices, and looks at them through the lens of additional challenges, such as those brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of nationalisms and an increase in xenophobia. The chapters also take the ‘5 Ps’ approach to sustainable development (people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnerships) and assess how migration policies serve sustainable development in a rapidly evolving context. Contributors are Yousra Abourabi, Gabriela Agosto, Belkis Aracena, Andrea Fernández Benítez, Macarena Chepo, Amanda Coffie, Jonathan Crush, María del Consuelo Dávila Pérez, Dêlidji Eric Degila, Jenny Lind Elmaco, René Leyva Flores, Luisa Feline Freier, Silvia Núñez García, Marcela Pezoa González, Binod Khadria, Ariel González Levaggi, Wei Li, Meixin Liu, Ling Ma, Ratnam Mishra, Daniel Naujoks, Claudia Padilla, Karol Rojas, Fabiana Rubinstein, Yining Tan, Narender Thakur, Gerasimos Tsourapas, Valeria Marina Valle and Jossette Iribarne Wiff.
Expanding Boundaries Laine, Jussi P; Moyo, Inocent; Changwe Nshimbi, Christopher
2021, 20201227, 2020, 2020-12-28, Letnik:
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This book challenges the common European notions about African migration to Europe and offers a holistic understanding of the current situation in Africa. It advocates a need to rethink Africa-Europe ...relations and view migration and borders as a resource rather than as sources of a crisis.
Migrant movement from Africa is often misunderstood and misrepresented as invasion caused by displacement due to poverty, violent conflict, and environmental stress. To control this movement and preserve national identities, the EU and its various member states resort to closing borders as a way of reinforcing their migration policies. This book aims to dismantle this stereotypical view of migration from Africa by sharing cutting-edge research from the leading scholars in Africa and Europe. It refutes the flawed narratives that position Africa as a threat to European societies, their economies, and security, and encourages a nuanced understanding of the root causes as well as the socioeconomic factors that guide the migrants’ decision-making. With chapters written in a concise style, this book brings together the migration and border studies in an innovative way to delve into the broader societal impacts of both. It also serves to de-silence the African voices in order to offer fresh insights on African migration – a discourse dominated hitherto by the European perspective.
This book constitutes a valuable resource for research scholars and students of Border Studies, Migration Studies, Conflict and Security Studies, and Development Studies seeking specialisation in these areas. Written in an accessible style, it will also appeal to a more general public interested in gaining a fuller perspective on the African reality.
The paper is based upon the results of the research initiated under the assumption that joining the European Union will change Croatia’s migratory pattern; namely, the inflow of foreign workers will ...gradually increase, which will raise the question of their integration into Croatian society. The characteristics of the contemporary migration flows and migration policy are indicated in the first part of the paper, along with the theoretical approaches in studying attitudes towards immigrants, and some of the results pertaining to these studies. A description follows of Croatian society’s characteristics related to the expected changes within the migration pattern, which can be connected to formation of the attitudes towards potential foreign workers. In the central part of the paper the results of the survey conducted in 2009 on a representative sample (N = 1300) are presented and analysed. The attitudes of adult Croatian citizens towards foreign workers are examined, that is, their stance towards their possible entrance to the (local) labour market and their potential influence upon the culture and the values of Croatian society, and the social distancing towards them. The results revealed that, in spite of the fact that Croatian society has not yet been confronted with any marked inflow of immigrants that the respondents demonstrated a high degree of resistance towards their entry into Croatian society. In this connection, the potential foreign workers are seen to a large extent both as a socioeconomic and as a sociocultural threat, and therefore the respondents, on average, expressed unwillingness for closer contacts with them. This leads to the conclusion that if integration of immigrants is understood as a two-fold process in which a mutual openness towards change should be present, then the obtained research results indicate that mere institutional and normative readiness for the reception of foreign workers will not be sufficient; it will need to be accompanied by a significant social action oriented towards enhancement of the sensitivity of the local population to take an active part in this process.
After a brief historical review of migrations in Europe, the paper focuses on current migration trends and their consequences. At the end of the 1950s, Western Europe began to recruit labour from ...several Mediterranean countries - Italy, Spain, Portugal and former Yugoslavia, and later from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Turkey. Some countries, such as France, Great Britain and the Netherlands, recruited also workers from their former colonies. In 1970 Germany had the highest absolute number of foreigners, followed by France, and then Switzerland and Belgium. The total number of immigrants in Western Europe was twelve million. During the 1970s mass recruitment of foreign workers was abandoned, and only the arrival of their family members was permitted, which led to family reunification in the countries of employment. Europe closed its borders, with the result that clandestine migration increased. The year 1989 was a turning point in the history of international migrations. The political changes in Central and Eastern Europe brought about mass migration to the West, which culminated in the so-called "mass movement of 1989-1990". The arrival of ethnic Germans in Germany, migration inside and outside of the territory of the former Soviet Union, an increase in the number of asylum seekers and displaced persons, due to armed conflicts, are - according to the author - the main traits of current migration. The main part of the paper discusses the causes and effects of this mass wave, as well as trends in labour migration, which is still present. The second part of the paper, after presenting a typology of migrations, deals with the complex processes that brought about the formation of new communities and led to the phenomenon of new ethnic minorities and to corresponding migration policies in Western European countries that had to address these issues.
Mađarski je parlament 19. lipnja 2001. usvojio »Zakon o Mađarima u susjednim zemljama«, ili tzv. »Statusni zakon«. Stupivši na snagu 1. siječnja 2002. taj je zakon udijelio osobita prava mađarskim ...manjinama u susjednim zemljama. Nakana je bila osloboditi Mađare s područja Rumunjske, Ukrajine, Slovačke, Jugoslavije i Hrvatske, potrebe za traženjem schengenskih viza u slučaju proširenja EU. Zakon je izazvao kontroverzije i u spomenutim zemljama i u samoj EU, jer ga je mađarski parlament usvojio a da se nije savjetovao s Vijećem EU i – još gore – neke mjere koje je zakon uveo, navodno su bile u proturječju s prevladavajućim europskim standardima o zaštiti manjina. Članak obrađuje osobitosti migracijskih procesa u Mađarskoj te pritom analizira mađarsku migracijsku politiku (tzv. etnički pristup) i komentira moguće posljedice primjene Statusnog zakona. Mađarska postaje sve zapadnija glede svojih migracijskih i demografskih obrazaca. Poput inih zapadnih zemalja, suočena je s nestašicom radne snage te traga za vlastitim rješenjem tom problemu, čak po cijeni suprotstavljenja regulacijama EU i međunarodnim pravnim normama. Migracijska politika zemlje uvjetovana je nacionalnom politikom koja teži održavanju bliskih odnosa s Mađarima u susjednim zemljama, u kojima mnogi Mađari žive. Primjena zakona pomoći će Mađarima (prema mišljenju mađarskih vlasti) da, s jedne strane, ograniče emigraciju, i da istodobno također uspore proces asimilacije Mađara u susjednim zemljama. No analiza migracijske povijesti Mađarske u proteklom desetljeću pokazuje da je tako nešto upitno. Zapravo, dobrorazrađene novčane mjere, što ih je Statusni zakon predvidio za gotovo sve sfere života Mađara u susjednim zemljama, poticat će emigraciju Mađara u svoju matičnu zemlju.
Ovaj članak bavi se Globalnim sporazumom za sigurnost i urednu migraciju, poznatijim kao Marakeška konvencija. Na temelju ključnih odredbi konvencije, u članku se analiziraju migracijske politike u ...četiri države – Kanadi, Australiji, Francuskoj i Njemačkoj. Usporedba ovih zemalja pokazuje kako kanadski i australski slučaj pokazuju naglasak na socijalnim čimbenicima kao odrednicama prihvata migranata, dok u Francuskoj i Njemačkoj prevladavaju ekonomski razlozi. Na kraju rada razmatra se hrvatski slučaj te se daju preporuke na tragu prioriteta koje ističe Marakeška konvencija.
Glavni je cilj članka analizirati obilježava li geopolitičku i društveno-ekonomsku integraciju Češke u Zapadnu Europu udaljavanje ili približavanje češke migracijske zbilje u odnosu na razvijeni ...zapadni svijet. Za testiranje sličnosti upotrijebljene su dvije vrste mjerenja: 1) kvantitativno (u odnosu na broj vanjskih migranata) i 2) “kvalitativno” – a) u odnosu na pravilnosti povezane sa samom migracijom te one koje se tiču uzajamnog odnosa imigracije, društveno-ekonomskog razvoja zemlje odredišta i subjektivnih stavova većine stanovništva prema manjinskim skupinama; u tom smislu testirane su 3 hipoteze; b) u odnosu na migracijske politike i prakse. Rezultati jasno pokazuju da je približavanje više nego udaljavanje karakteristika sadašnjih migracijskih trendova u Češkoj u usporedbi s razvijenim svijetom, uglavnom Zapadnom Europom.
Rad se bavi vanjskom migracijom starijih osoba u Mađarskoj. Taj sve važniji element migracije u Srednjoj i Istočnoj Europi slabo je istražen. Ovaj rad trebao bi pridonijeti da se ispuni ta praznina. ...Vanjska migracija starijih osoba istražuje se na temelju popisnih podataka o migracijskim tokovima, kontingentima i statistici o državljanstvu. Analiza se usredotočuje na vremenske nizove, ali se razmatra i povijesni kontekst kao i suvremeni obrasci te migracije. Cilj istraživanja bio je četverostruk. Prvo, nastojalo se otkriti kada je započela vanjska migracija starijih osoba u Mađarskoj. Drugo, ustanovljeno je da se taj fenomen sve više ubrzava. Treće, mogu se identificirati glavni makro-činioci koji utječu na te migracije, i četvrto, kao glavni rezultat istraživanja, uspjela se istražiti jedna mađarska specifičnost. »Traženje mirovine« predstavlja vrlo distinktivno obilježje migracije starijih osoba i na puno je načina nasljeđe socijalističkog razdoblja. Stoga je masovna pojava takve migracije posljedica razdoblja transformacije. Pretpostavlja se da lov za mirovinama ima privremeni karakter. O zaključcima o motivacijskoj strukturi vanjske migracije starijih osoba raspravlja se s obzirom na implikacije u politici u svjetlu starosne populacijske strukture u Mađarskoj.