U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja laboratorijske klijavosti i morfoloških značajki klijanaca europskoga pitomoga kestena (Castanea sativa Mill.). Uzorci za istraživanja sakupljeni su u ...submediteranskom području Hrvatske, a radni uzorak za ispitivanje klijavosti iznosio je 8×25 sjemenki. Sjeme je do ispitivanja klijavosti čuvano tri mjeseca u hladnjaku na temperaturi od 3 °C. Postotak laboratorijske klijavosti utvrđen je prema postotku pravilnih klijanaca koji su normalno proklijali nakon 27 dana ispitivanja. Ispitivanje je provedeno u laboratoriju prema uvjetima koje propisuje ISTA (International Seed Testing Association). Izrađen je katalog sa slikama i opisom nepravilnih klijanaca. Na osnovi definiranih kodova nepravilnih klijanaca moguće je preventivno djelovati kako bi se reducirale nepoželjne jedinke. Rezultati ovog istraživanja od velike su koristi za razumijevanje složenoga procesa klijanja sjemena, kako u laboratoriju, tako i šumskim rasadnicima.
ABOUT THE LITHUANIAN INFIX PRESENTSSummaryIn the modern Lithuanian and Latvian languages and their dialects the nasal infix verbs have the meaning of the state or its change. In the Indo-European ...languages the meaning of the verbs was a bit different. Some of the old languages — Greek, Latin, Sanskrit — etymological relationships mean an active action (Lat. f undo “lieju”, Skr. chinátti “pjauna”, Celt, bongid “laužo”), the others — the state or its change (Lat. ninquit “sninga”, Skr. dhvamsati “nyksta, yra”). The facts of the comparative languages give an idea that there might be nasal verbs in the Baltic languages with the meaning of active action.Eight out of 15 given verbs, having parallel present stems in a, ia and nasal infix, are used in the meaning of active action. The better part of them are effective (rañka, žañga, senka, reñta, šiñka, kruñša, pluñka, bruñka). This fact might be not new in the history of the Baltic languages. It might reflect the formation period of the verbs of the Baltic languages, when infix presents had no differentiated semantics.
ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME PRONOUNSSummaryThis article is concerned with the origin of the Baltic general pronouns *visas, *visei, *visa “all”, the Lithuanian adjectival pronouns of (k)-oks “what” type ...and the Prussian stas “this”.1. The synchronic semantic analysis of the Baltic general pronouns (Lith. vìsas, visì, vìsa, Lat. viss, visi, OPr. *wiss, wissai, wissa(n)) indicates that the meaning of the pronouns in question is in close affinity to the concept of multitude.The plural forms visi, Lat. visi, Pr. wissai and the absolute forms vìsa, Lat. viss, Pr. wissa(n) usually have the meaning of general pronouns; the singular forms, however, have the meaning of general pronouns in combination with collective nouns. When combined with other nouns, they acquire the meaning of adjectives denoting size.The above-mentioned semantic structure was inherited from the Baltic parent language. Since the Baltic general pronouns under discussion are closely related to the concept of multitude, they can be regarded as derivatives from the reduced grade vis- of the verbal stem *veis- “to increase”, “to multiply”, “to procreate”, cf. Lith. veisti(s) and visti, Lat. veist, viest (ies) and Pr. wēisin “fruit”.The interpretation presented above can be verified by looking at the origin of general pronouns in other Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages from verbs meaning “to increase”, “to grow”, “to multiply”, “to procreate”, “to cultivate, raise”, “to be”, “to exist”, “to stand” and “to live”.2. Diachronically the Lithuanian pronouns of (k)-oks type are not exclusively derived from the suffix *-āk-; if they were derived from the suffix *-āk- only, in Modern Lithuanian there would be pronouns with o- resp. ā- stems, such as *kokas, *koka, cf. О SI. kаkъ, kaka, kako.On the basis of the forms kokìs resp. kok found in old literary texts and dialects one may conclude that the pronouns in question are compounds formed from collocations whose first component is the uninflected form *(k)-āka which, in its turn, is derived from the pronoun stems *kita-, *i-or *ši-, *ta-, *ana-, *ka-, *(v)eina- > viena- and from the comparative suffix *-āk-. The second component of the compound pronouns in question is the enclitic pronoun * (j) is (resp. * (j) ī) which, according to the law of Wackernagel, is the second member of the morphological sentence.3. According to the synchronic semantic analysis the Prussian demonstrative pronoun stas can be considered a pronoun denoting distance and having the distinctive feature of proximity. The pronoun stas can be regarded as a compound formed from *si and *tas, or as a compound formed from the collocation *se tas, cf. Lith. dial, še tàs “this”.
THE ROLE OF ANALOGY IN THE EVOLUTION OF FORM IN LATVIAN PERSONAL PRONOUNSSummaryIn the article it is assumed that Latvian personal pronouns have inherited the “classical” case paradigm from the ...Lithuanian—Latvian parent language with a well-differentiated inflexion. The great variety of pronominal inflections in Latvian dialects and old manuscripts can be explained by the different conditions affecting the evolution of the language. Word-ending phonological and morphological changes, which created favourable conditions for the so-called changes by analogy, have resulted in morphological modifications in the system of all inflectional words.Therefore, the article is concerned with: (a) the process of neutralization of the singular accusative and instrumental cases in the () о and ()ā-stem paradigms (which occurred after the above-mentioned phonological changes); (b) the effect of neutralization on identical cases of singular personal pronouns; (c) the effect of prepositions, which govern several cases, on the process of neutralization.The article also deals with the influence of the accusative-instrumental cases of singular pronouns on the modification of the plural pronominal paradigms, and with conditions and variants of the modification in question.On the basis of the data from Latvian dialects and old manuscripts a conclusion can be drawn that the modifications in the personal pronominal paradigms could have begun prior to the written language.
Bijela loboda (Chenopodium album L.) jednogodišnji je širokolisni korov iz porodice lobodnjača (Chenopodiaceae). Podnosi vrlo različite klimatske uvjete i različite tipove tala zbog čega se ubraja ...među pet najrasprostranjenijih korovnih biljaka u svijetu. U Hrvatskoj je treći najučestaliji korov okopavinskih usjeva. Loboda je kozmopolitska vrsta s arealom rasprostranjenosti od 70° sjeverne do 50° južne geografske širine. Sposobna je prilagoditi se različitim klimatskim uvjetima pa biološki temperaturni minimum (Tb), ovisno o klimatu, varira od 2,0 do 6,0°C. Za područje kontinentalne Hrvatske Tb iznosi 3,4°C.
Može nicati u uvjetima visokog vodnog stresa kao i u širokom rasponu pH tla vrijednosti od jako kiselih do alkalnih. Svojom prisutnošću u usjevu,ovisno o vremenu nicanja, gustoći i razvojnom stadiju kulture, znatno utječe na prinos okopavinskih kao i povrtlarskih kultura. Važan je korov u oko 40 poljoprivrednih kultura, a najčešće u šećernoj repi, krumpiru, soji, kukuruzu, suncokretu i jarim žitaricama. Glavna štetnost lobode, ogleda se u direktnim štetama. Važne su i indirektne štete kao npr. otežana žetva, kontaminacija uroda i tla sjemenjem, prenošenje virusnih bolesti na kultivirano bilje i dr. Pelud bijele lobode kod osjetljivih ljudi uzrokuje jake alergijske reakcije.
ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ЛОКАТИВА ЛАТЫШСКОГО ЯЗЫКА И ЕЕ ВНУТРЕННЯЯ МОТИВИРОВАННОСТЬРезюмеВ статье раскрываются условия эволюции локатива латышского языка и объясняется ее внутренняя мотивированность. Предполагается, ...что еще до появления письменных памятников в латышском языке существовал не только инессив, но и иллатив.После фонологических и системных изменений конца слова в латышском языке были нейтрализованы инессив и иллатив мн. ч. По модели мн. ч. была нейтрализована оппозиция инессива/иллатива ед. ч., которая нашла наглядное отражение в письменных памятниках.Во времена нейтрализации оппозиции инессива/иллатива по модели инессивов tamī, tamā, šimie из древних иллативов начали формироваться инессивы tanī, tanā, šinie.Инессив (локатив) латышского языка после приобретения значения не только места и времени действия, но и его направления стал одним из наиболее часто употребляемых падежей.В статье также объясняются условия развития локативов мн. ч. односложных (и некоторых неодносложных) родовых местоимений. Внутренней мотивированностью этих инноваций является избежание синкретических форм, которые появились в парадигмах упомянутых местоимений после фонологических изменений и системного сокращения конца слова.
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