Near Field Communication (NFC) is an emerging short-range wireless communication technology that offers great and varied promise in services such as payment, ticketing, gaming, crowd sourcing, ...voting, navigation, and many others. NFC technology enables the integration of services from a wide range of applications into one single smartphone. NFC technology has emerged recently, and consequently not much academic data are available yet, although the number of academic research studies carried out in the past two years has already surpassed the total number of the prior works combined. This paper presents the concept of NFC technology in a holistic approach from different perspectives, including hardware improvement and optimization, communication essentials and standards, applications, secure elements, privacy and security, usability analysis, and ecosystem and business issues. Further research opportunities in terms of the academic and business points of view are also explored and discussed at the end of each section. This comprehensive survey will be a valuable guide for researchers and academicians, as well as for business in the NFC technology and ecosystem.
Wearable e-textile near-field communication (NFC) radio-frequency identification (RFID) antennas fully integrated with garments using embroidery techniques, which enables everyday clothing to become ...connective to wireless communication systems, is presented. The e-textile wearable antennas have been designed through full electromagnetic wave simulation based on the electrical properties of conductive threads and textile substrates at the high frequency band, allocated for NFC wireless communications. The e-textile wearable NFC antenna performance under mechanical bending as well as human body effects have been experimentally studied and evaluated; the antennas can operate under significantly bending angle and body effects attributed to its broad operating bandwidth. This is highly desirable and distinguished to conventional NFC antennas; the proposed e-textile wearable NFC antennas can be placed almost any place on clothes and still capable to communicate at the desired operating frequency of 13.56 MHz. The maximum read range of the e-textile wearable NFC tags is measured to be around 5.6 cm, being compatible to typical commercially available metallic NFC tags. The e-textile wearable NFC tags can lead to numerous potential applications such as information exchange, personal security, health monitoring and Internet of Things.
In this paper, we demonstrated the front NFC card swipe and touch display in Touch and Display Driver Integration (TDDI) liquid crystal display (LCD) through the technologies shown later. A new NFC ...sampling and noise reduction algorithm was used to reduce the generation of the ghost position and touch failure. The touch/NFC part‐time driving was applied to optimize the noise interference when NFC works. Meanwhile, we integrated the NFC antenna in the TDDI LCD and added a new display signal filter circuit and VCOM driver signal. In the NFC in‐cell demo, front NFC swiping distance of 60 mm is achieved.
NFC integration into in‐cell touch TFT LCD, which incorporates two hardware assists and two software algorithms, enables seamless NFC front swipe card support up to 60 mm, thereby offering enhanced efficiency and superior solutions in the field of NFC front swipe card technology. The demo also shows the high feasibility of this solution.
This study elaborates the application of composite films based on nanofibrillated cellulose obtained from cotton linters oxidized in the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical ...(TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO system, with the use of CaCО
3
and/or Al(OH)
3
as fillers, and glycols as plasticizers, to improve the mechanical, optical, and sorption properties of paper. The paper coating with nanofibrillated cellulose-based films, without additional adhesive, depending on the concentration of nanofibrillated cellulose in the dispersion and the type of filler, improves the mechanical properties of paper, and decreases sorption properties, while no significant changes were observed in optical properties compared to the initial papers.
In the modern times, the heavy footprint of Information and Communication Technologies in the everyday life brings multiple challenges to the ordinary citizen, like having a digital profile on ...numerous services and institutions. The spread of authentication services that need to be verified to perform simple tasks is thus overwhelming. Many countries hence developed elaborated solutions to unify some of the authentication services around a single e-ID card to help performing different everyday tasks. The burden associated with carrying a smartcard reader to authenticate, or the time spent and complexity of the authentication using Mobile Digital Tokens represent an adversity for citizens who are not so digitally educated. NFC is a technology that is growing in usage every year and is widely adopted now. It is easy and fast to use. This paper proposes a safe, easy, and fast way to implement NFC-based authentication in an e-ID card and discusses its benefits.
Unbleached (UN), oxygen-delignified and fully-bleached (FB) birch fibers with a residual lignin content of ca. 3, 2 and <1 %, respectively, were used to produce nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and ...nanopaper by using an overpressure device. The tensile index, elongation and elastic modulus of nanopaper were compared and the effect of residual cell wall components accessed. Under similar manufacturing conditions, UN NFC produced nanopaper with a density of 0.99 g/cm
3
, higher than that from FB NFC (0.7 g/cm
3
). This translated in much lower air permeability in the case of UN nanopaper (1 and 11 mL/min for UN and FB samples, respectively). Fundamentally, these observations are ascribed to the finer fibrils produced during microfluidization of UN fibers compared to those from lower yield counterparts (AFM roughness of 8 and 17 nm and surface areas of 124 and 98 m
2
/g for NFC from UN and FB fibers, respectively). As a result, values of stress at break and energy absorption of nanopaper from high yield fibers are distinctively higher than those from fully bleached NFC. Interactions of water with the surface and bulk material were affected by the chemical composition and structure of the nanofibrils. While UN nanopaper presented higher water contact angles their sorption capacity (and rate of water absorption) was much higher than those measured for nanopaper from FB NFC. These and other observations provided in this contribution are proposed to be related to the mechanoradical scavenging capacity of lignin in high shear microfluidization and the presence of residual heteropolysaccharides.
•Recent developments in production of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were reviewed.•Mechanical disintegration processes and biological/chemical pretreatments were discussed.•Issues of CNF fractionation ...and quantification of the extent of fibrillation were addressed.•An overview of various CNF products, e.g., powders, films, hydrogels and aerogels was proposed.
This review describes the recent advances in production of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), otherwise known as nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) or cellulose nanofibers, a material with significant barrier, mechanical and colloidal properties, low density, renewable and biodegradable character. The above properties make CNF promising for applications in such fields as papermaking, composites, packaging, coatings, biomedicine and automotive. In this review, CNF production methods are summarized, covering raw materials selection, structural and chemical aspects necessary for understanding the nanofibril extraction process, conventional and novel mechanical disintegration techniques, as well as biological and chemical pretreatments aimed at facilitating nanofibril isolation. The issues of fractionation, performed with the objective of retrieving the residual microscopic fiber fragments from CNF suspensions, are addressed. Additionally, the preparation of CNF in various forms, such as suspensions, water-redispersible powders, films or nanopapers, hydrogels and aerogels, is discussed.
Ammonia has been used as an important marker to indicate the extent of food spoilage. However, current gas sensors for ammonia suffer from either insufficient sensitivity and selectivity or ...unsatisfactory levels of automation, impeding their practical application for on-site and real-time monitoring of food quality. To overcome these limitations, we propose here the design of a sensing material by in-situ growing (001)TiO2 onto a two-dimensional transition-metal carbide (Ti3C2Tx, MXene). In this design, TiO2 with a highly active (001) crystal plane provides efficient photogeneration under UV irradiation, while Ti3C2Tx can store holes through Schottky junction formed at the interface with TiO2, which greatly promotes the separation of electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing ammonia sensing performance. By further introducing UV light for electron excitation, the (001)TiO2/Ti3C2Tx based sensor shows 34 times higher sensitivity for ammonia (30 ppm) than that of Ti3C2Tx. The density functional theory further revealed that the (001) plane of TiO2 and Ti3C2Tx composite configuration exhibited the highest adsorption affinity towards ammonia. Finally, an integrated circuit alarm system including near-field communication and a micro-controller system was designed to detect the decay process of fresh pork, fish, and shrimp. We believe such a sensing technology holds great promise in food quality monitoring.
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•The (001)TiO2 was in-situ grown on Ti3C2Tx for ultra-sensitive NH3 sensing.•The (001)TiO2/Ti3C2Tx sensor showed 34 times higher sensitivity than Ti3C2Tx to NH3.•The (001)TiO2/Ti3C2Tx sensor achieved an extraordinarily low LOD of 156 ppt under UV.•The DFT simulation revealed the mechanism of the sensor towards NH.•An integrated circuit alarm system was designed to detect the decay process of meat.
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