The Anzac story, originally associated with the 1915 battle of Gallipoli, is considered an important part of Australia's national identity, and for many Australians has come to represent a number of ...the collective values of the nation. This research, undertaken in Australia and Turkey, explores the impact of a visit to the Australian War Memorial (660 participants) or Gallipoli battlefields (282 participants) on visitors' national identity and broadly-defined learning outcomes. Findings indicate that a visit to either site had some impact on national identity, but other learning outcomes were stronger. It is concluded that war heritage interpretation has the potential to evoke inclusive rather than exclusive responses, facilitating reconciliation rather than highlighting division.
•War heritage interpretation has a small but positive impact on national identity.•War heritage interpretation has the potential to impact on reconciliation.•Reflection on the human qualities of the Anzac spirit has a powerful impact.•Stories, objects and places help visitors connect past, present and future.•Emphasising similarity rather than difference supports reconciliation and inclusion.
This chapter discusses de-fascisation process in Italy during the systemic transformation in 1943-1948. It will examine whether the national reconciliation policy pursued by the Alcide De Gasperi's ...governments in the second half of the 1940s contributed to the emergence of a societal vision of Mussolini's relatively mild dictatorship, which in turn made full reckoning with the fascist legacy impossible. More specifically, the chapter discusses the following issues: 1) illusory de-fascisation of Italy's administrative apparatus, 2) the Togliatti amnesty and the absence of Italian Nuremberg, 3) anti-fascist milieu narratives on fascism as a closed chapter in national history, and 4) the phenomenon of the renaissance of neo-fascist groups against the background explicit legal norms prohibiting practicing any form of apology for the Mussolini.
International migration and refugee scholars have made extensive use of the concept of solidarity in light of the recent arrival of migrants and refugees in Europe and elsewhere. They observe ...multi-dimensional solidarity practices and interpret solidarity from a variety of disciplinary and conceptual angles with different philosophical underpinnings. In this review article, I assume a geographical perspective to argue for a Marxian-Hegelian understanding of solidarity as a process of subject formation. I illustrate how solidarity relates to a politics of place that shapes migrant struggles in urban contexts and that promise to facilitate Indigenous reconciliation and decolonization in settler societies.
•An urban morphological investigation of Pingyao reveals its urban landscape forms as both spatial-temporal and representational creations.•The historic urban landscape approach embodying both ...integrative and morphological values is fundamental to urban conservation planning.•To achieve sustainable heritage management, integration of the historic urban landscape approach into the planning system is needed.
Reconciliation of the often conflicting processes of urban conservation and urbanisation has been of academic and professional interest. The 2011 UNESCO recommendation on the historic urban landscape has provided guidelines for heritage management, but the ambiguities about its theoretical and practical bases have undermined its wider application in diverse urban contexts. The designation of Pingyao as one of the first urban World Heritage Sites in China in 1997 has stimulated tourism, and exemplified further challenges. An urban morphological investigation of Pingyao reveals the historical expressiveness, or historicity of its urban landscape forms as both spatial-temporal and representational creations. The historic urban landscape approach embodying both integrative and morphological values is fundamental to the formulation of historically-sensitive and community-based urban development and conservation plans. To achieve sustainable management of urban changes, integration of such historic urban landscape strategy into the established planning system is needed at both national and local levels.
This Special Issue editorial explores perspectives on intergroup reconciliation and its underlying processes in post‐conflict societies, emphasizing the importance of four key themes: 1) victimhood, ...2) acknowledgment, 3) forgiveness, and 4) intergroup contact. After presenting the state of the art in reconciliation research, we present the individual contributions in this Special Issue, and we link them to the four key themes. We end this editorial by setting out an agenda for future research, underscoring the timeliness and relevance of reconciliation efforts in today's world. By offering insights into evidence‐based interventions and practical strategies for promoting positive intergroup relations, this Special Issue hopes to contribute to the broader discourse on peacebuilding and social cohesion in post‐conflict societies.
What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality ...between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group's needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change. Using four sets of survey data collected through the Zurich Intergroup Project in 23 countries, we tested several preregistered predictions, derived from the above reasoning, across a large variety of operationalizations. Two studies of disadvantaged groups (Ns = 689 ethnic minority members in Study 1 and 3,382 sexual/gender minorities in Study 2) support the hypothesis that, after accounting for the effects of intergroup contact and perceived illegitimacy, satisfying the need for empowerment (but not acceptance) during contact is positively related to support for social change. Two studies with advantaged groups (Ns = 2,937 ethnic majority members in Study 3 and 4,203 cis-heterosexual individuals in Study 4) showed that, after accounting for illegitimacy and intergroup contact, satisfying the need for acceptance (but also empowerment) is positively related to support for social change. Overall, findings suggest that intergroup contact is compatible with efforts to promote social change when group-specific needs are met. Thus, to encourage support for social change among both disadvantaged and advantaged group members, it is essential that, besides promoting mutual acceptance, intergroup contact interventions also give voice to and empower members of disadvantaged groups.
•Progress on many commitments made in past decades to respect the rights of Indigenous Peoples in conservation is too limited.•Rights violations affect IPs culture, well-being, livelihoods, and ...security without evidence of resulting conservation outcomes.•Protected Areas Financing is limited and heavily public spending, not support of Indigenous and community conservation.•Regular global monitoring of progress and access to grievance are key to accelerate progress or secure conservation outcomes.
We analyze how governments and the international community expand protected areas (PAs) to reduce biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation at a cost to indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) in terms of rights and conflict. This contradicts commitments made by the conservation community to UNDRIP and Indigenous Peoples’ (IPs) and other human rights and Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. We build on information indigenous and conservation organization leaders shared with the UN Special Rapporteur for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the 2016 UN Permanent Forum for Indigenous Issues of complaints against governments for violation of IPs’ rights, and link these to extensive, like evidence in the literature. Case studies from countries of priority biodiversity (Panama, Peru, India, Republic of Congo and Indonesia) broaden the evidence. Globally IPs and local communities conserve nearly 2 billion hectares of land for diverse reasons (sacred, critical resource areas, water). Much of their contributory effort goes unrecognized and disrespected, even though IPLCs invest significant time and money in forest and land conservation—concentrated in low and middle-income countries of priority biodiversity with spending gaps. While more of these countries endorse IPLC conservation, the rights still remain limited in many countries. Across much of the world, IPLCs have become ‘cornered’ by PA boundaries that overlap their lands while PA policies and neighboring commercial concessions further separate them from land and livelihoods and justify killings and evictions, and livelihood and identity loss. Though IUCN PA governance types embrace IPLC management, the reality is a preponderance of State-owned-and-managed PAs. This does not help meet conservation targets. Globally endorsed principles for grievance and reconciliation exist but have not been applied; meanwhile IPLCs invest heavily in conservation with limited support from governments and donors who play a predominant role in setting global biodiversity targets.
Four correlational studies (NAlbanians = 232, NSerbs = 129, NBosniaks = 147, NCroats = 367) and one experimental study (NBosniaks = 682), investigated the link between mass‐mediated contact (i.e., ...information about former adversaries from the mass media) and forgiveness towards former adversaries in post‐conflict societies. Specifically, we tested the association between positive and negative mass‐mediated contact with one former adversary and forgiveness towards this former adversary (i.e., a primary transfer effect, Studies 1–4) and another former adversary (i.e., a secondary transfer effect, Studies 2–4). Positive mass‐mediated contact with one former adversary was linked to greater forgiveness towards that former adversary and another former adversary. Intergroup trust mediated the primary transfer effect of positive mass‐mediated contact, whereas generalization of trust and forgiveness from one former adversary to another mediated the secondary transfer effect. Our results underline the important role of positive but not negative mass‐mediated contact with former adversaries in reconciliation.
Transitional justice jurisdictions aim to promote reconciliation. Although previous research focuses on truth commissions, the reconciliatory role of redistributive justice is less clear. This ...article investigated the association of conditional cash transfers and victims’ reparation with demand for redistribution, belief in forgiveness, support for the peace process and community participation in Colombia. We analysed three nationally representative samples of the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) surveys in 2011 (Study 1; n = 1503), 2016 (Study 2; n = 1563) and 2018 (Study 3; n = 1663). Consistently across studies, conditional cash transfers (and not victim reparation programs) predicted higher community participation, with little effect on other reconciliation indicators. Further, redistribution is indirectly associated with other reconciliation indicators through community participation, supporting the observation that transitional justice relates to reconciliation when it satisfies a need for agency and empowerment. We discuss how the null effects of the victim reparation program suggesting context‐specific constraints.
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