Psychiatric diagnoses are currently distinguished based on sets of specific symptoms. However, genetic and clinical analyses find similarities across a wide variety of diagnoses, suggesting that a ...common neurobiological substrate may exist across mental illness.
To conduct a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies across multiple psychiatric diagnoses, followed by parallel analyses of 3 large-scale healthy participant data sets to help interpret structural findings in the meta-analysis.
PubMed was searched to identify voxel-based morphometry studies through July 2012 comparing psychiatric patients to healthy control individuals for the meta-analysis. The 3 parallel healthy participant data sets included resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, a database of activation foci across thousands of neuroimaging experiments, and a data set with structural imaging and cognitive task performance data.
Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported voxel-based morphometry differences between patients with an Axis I diagnosis and control individuals in stereotactic coordinates across the whole brain, did not present predominantly in childhood, and had at least 10 studies contributing to that diagnosis (or across closely related diagnoses). The meta-analysis was conducted on peak voxel coordinates using an activation likelihood estimation approach.
We tested for areas of common gray matter volume increase or decrease across Axis I diagnoses, as well as areas differing between diagnoses. Follow-up analyses on other healthy participant data sets tested connectivity related to regions arising from the meta-analysis and the relationship of gray matter volume to cognition.
Based on the voxel-based morphometry meta-analysis of 193 studies comprising 15 892 individuals across 6 diverse diagnostic groups (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety), we found that gray matter loss converged across diagnoses in 3 regions: the dorsal anterior cingulate, right insula, and left insula. By contrast, there were few diagnosis-specific effects, distinguishing only schizophrenia and depression from other diagnoses. In the parallel follow-up analyses of the 3 independent healthy participant data sets, we found that the common gray matter loss regions formed a tightly interconnected network during tasks and at resting and that lower gray matter in this network was associated with poor executive functioning.
We identified a concordance across psychiatric diagnoses in terms of integrity of an anterior insula/dorsal anterior cingulate-based network, which may relate to executive function deficits observed across diagnoses. This concordance provides an organizing model that emphasizes the importance of shared neural substrates across psychopathology, despite likely diverse etiologies, which is currently not an explicit component of psychiatric nosology.
Background:
The supraorbital artery (SOA) originates from the ophthalmic artery in a superomedial aspect of the orbit, exiting through the supraorbital groove to emerge onto the forehead. The SOA has ...important neurosurgical considerations regarding different approaches and bypasses. The SOA is poorly described in the standard anatomical textbooks. Therefore, we present this article to describe the anatomical variations of the SOA and their implications on the neurosurgical field.
Methods:
We conducted a literature review in PubMed and Google Scholar databases to review the existing literature describing the SOA anatomy and its neurosurgical applications.
Results:
While reading the available articles and original works regarding SOA, we identified 22 studies that discuss the SOA. We noticed the anatomical variations of the SOA in terms of origin, course, diameter, branches, depth, and distance in relation to the midline and vertical glabellar line. We also discussed certain applications of SOA and its importance in neurosurgical approaches, bypass, photoplethysmography, aneurysms, and reconstruction of cranial fossa defects.
Conclusion:
The variable anatomy of the SOA has a paramount impact on performing different neurosurgical approaches. Therefore, cadaveric studies of the SOA are important to explore potential methods for the preservation of the artery in different neurosurgical applications.
A comprehensive understanding of microsurgical neuroanatomy, familiarity with the operating room environment, patient positioning in relation to the surgery, and knowledge of surgical approaches is ...crucial in neurosurgical education. However, challenges such as limited patient exposure, heightened patient safety concerns, a decreased availability of surgical cases during training, and difficulties in accessing cadavers and laboratories have adversely impacted this education. Three-dimensional (3D) models and augmented reality (AR) applications can be utilized to depict the cortical and white matter anatomy of the brain, create virtual models of patient surgical positions, and simulate the operating room and neuroanatomy laboratory environment. Herein, the authors, who used a single application, aimed to demonstrate the creation of 3D models of anatomical cadaver dissections, surgical approaches, patient surgical positions, and operating room and laboratory designs as alternative educational materials for neurosurgical training.
A 3D modeling application (Scaniverse) was employed to generate 3D models of cadaveric brain specimens and surgical approaches using photogrammetry. It was also used to create virtual representations of the operating room and laboratory environment, as well as the surgical positions of patients, by utilizing light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor technology for accurate spatial mapping. These virtual models were then presented in AR for educational purposes.
Virtual representations in three dimensions were created to depict cadaver specimens, surgical approaches, patient surgical positions, and the operating room and laboratory environment. These models offer the flexibility of rotation and movement in various planes for improved visualization and understanding. The operating room and laboratory environment were rendered in three dimensions to create a simulation that could be navigated using AR and mixed reality technology. Realistic cadaveric models with intricate details were showcased on internet-based platforms and AR platforms for enhanced visualization and learning.
The utilization of this cost-effective, straightforward, and readily available approach to generate 3D models has the potential to enhance neuroanatomical and neurosurgical education. These digital models can be easily stored and shared via the internet, making them accessible to neurosurgeons worldwide for educational purposes.
Neuroanatomy comprehension is a keystone of understanding intracranial surgeries. Traditionally taught to students during ex cathedra courses, neuroanatomy is described as complex. Mixed reality ...(MxR) opens new perspectives in the learning process. This study aims to compare MxR-based courses with traditional ex cathedra lectures for neuroanatomy education.
Two lectures describing the neuroanatomy of the anterior circulation arteries ("Vascular Lecture" VS) and important white matter fiber tracts ("White Fibers Lecture" WF) were designed and delivered in ex cathedra and MxR-based formats with the same audio content. Ninety-one medical students were randomly assigned to group A (ex cathedra WF/MxR VS) or group B (MxR WF/ex cathedra VS). The MxR content was delivered via MxR goggles. Prior to each lecture, students took a 10-item multiple choice question (MCQ) pretest. After the lectures, students took a 20-item MCQ posttest (75% neuroanatomy, 25% clinical correlation).
The pretest scores showed no statistical difference between groups. Median posttest scores increased by 14.3% after using the MxR-based format compared to the ex cathedra format (16.00 13.0, 18.0 vs 14.0 11.0, 17.0, respectively, p < 0.01). Regarding the VS, students scored 21.7% better using the MxR format compared to the ex cathedra format (14.0 12.0, 16.0 vs 11.5 10.0, 14.0, p < 0.001). Concerning the WF, the median score using MxR was 18.0 (17.0, 19.0), and the median score using the ex cathedra format was 17.0 (16.0, 18.0; p < 0.01). Students showed high motivation to learn neuroanatomy in the future using MxR (74%) rather than ex cathedra format (25%; p < 0.001). Mild discomfort using the MxR goggles was reported by 48.3% of participants. Most participants (95.5%) preferred the MxR-based teaching.
Students acquired a better knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior circulation arteries and white fiber tracts using MxR-based teaching as compared to the standard ex cathedra format. The perception of lecture quality and learning motivation was better using MxR-based teaching despite some mild discomfort. The development of MxR-based solutions is promising to improve neuroanatomy education.
In recent years, there has been a rise in the number of people who are able to speak two or more languages. This has been paralleled by an increase in research related to bilingualism. Despite this, ...much of the neuroanatomical consequences and pathological implications of bilingualism are still subject to discussion. This review aims to evaluate the neuroanatomical structures related to language and to the acquisition of a second language as well as exploring how learning a second language can alter one's susceptibility to and the progression of certain cerebral pathologies. A literature search was conducted on the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. A total of 137 articles regarding the neuroanatomical or pathological implications of bilingualism were included for review. Following analysis of the included papers, this review finds that bilingualism induces significant gray and white matter cerebral changes, particularly in the frontal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior parietal lobule and subcortical areas, and that native language and acquired language largely recruit the same neuroanatomical structures with however, subtle functional and anatomical differences dependent on proficiency and age of language acquisition. There is adequate evidence to suggest that bilingualism offsets the symptoms and diagnosis of dementia, and that it is protective against both pathological and age‐related cognitive decline. While many of the neuroanatomical changes are known, more remains to be elucidated and the relationship between bilingualism and other neurological pathologies remains unclear.
Bilingualism induces significant grey and white matter cerebral changes, particularly in the frontal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior parietal lobule and subcortical areas. An individual's native and acquired language largely recruit the same neuroanatomical structures however they display subtle functional and anatomical differences dependent on proficiency and age of acquisition. Bilingualism also offsets the symptoms and diagnosis of dementia and is protective against pathological and age‐related cognitive decline.
Visuospatial features of neuroanatomy are likely the most difficult concepts to learn in anatomy. Three-dimensional (3D) modalities have gradually begun to supplement traditional 2-dimensionanl ...representations of dissections and illustrations. We have introduced and described the workflow of 2 innovative methods—photogrammetry (PGM) and structured light scanning (SLS)—which have typically been used for reverse-engineering applications. In the present study, we have described a novel application of SLS and PGM that could enhance medical education and operative planning in neurosurgery.
We have described the workflow of SLS and PGM for creating volumetric models (VMs) of neuroanatomical dissections, including the requisite equipment and software. We have also provided step-by-step procedures on how users can postprocess and refine these images according to their specifications. Finally, we applied both methods to 3 dissected hemispheres to demonstrate the quality of the VMs and their applications.
Both methods yielded VMs with suitable clarity and structural integrity for anatomical education, surgical illustration, and procedural simulation.
The application of 3D computer graphics to neurosurgical applications has shown great promise. SLS and PGM can facilitate the construction of VMs with high accuracy and quality that can be used and shared in a variety of 3D platforms. Similarly, the technical demands are not high; thus, it is plausible that neurosurgeons could become quickly proficient and enlist their use in education and surgical planning. Although SLS is preferable in settings in which high accuracy is required, PGM is a viable alternative with a short learning curve.
Mechanisms of stress in the brain McEwen, Bruce S; Bowles, Nicole P; Gray, Jason D ...
Nature neuroscience,
10/2015, Letnik:
18, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The brain is the central organ involved in perceiving and adapting to social and physical stressors via multiple interacting mediators, from the cell surface to the cytoskeleton to epigenetic ...regulation and nongenomic mechanisms. A key result of stress is structural remodeling of neural architecture, which may be a sign of successful adaptation, whereas persistence of these changes when stress ends indicates failed resilience. Excitatory amino acids and glucocorticoids have key roles in these processes, along with a growing list of extra- and intracellular mediators that includes endocannabinoids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The result is a continually changing pattern of gene expression mediated by epigenetic mechanisms involving histone modifications and CpG methylation and hydroxymethylation as well as by the activity of retrotransposons that may alter genomic stability. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of plasticity and vulnerability of the brain provides a basis for understanding the efficacy of interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as age-related cognitive decline.
PDF
