Functionality of Temporal Concepts in Legal and Public Administration Discourse
The article is dedicated to the concept of time in the context of its potential to organize legal interactions. The ...subject of the study includes time markers in Polish legislative, official and court documents. The aim of the article is to describe the temporal terminology used in legal and official communication, and to find pragmatic characteristics that make it possible for the concept of time to organize extralinguistic reality in many different aspects. The author of the article analyses both fixed language constructs and language units with an open and occasional structure.
One of the most popular novels in late Stalinist USSR, The Bearer of the Golden Star (1947–1948) by Semyon Babayevsky, is seen now as a representative symbol of “grand” or “varnishing” style in ...literature – to the same measure as the eponymous film (1950) by Yuliy Raizman did for the Soviet cinematic tradition. High official status of both texts guaranteed by Stalin’s awards matched the overwhelming success they both enjoyed with general public. The author here makes an attempt to examine the possible reasons of this popularity and offers a look at The Bearer of the Golden Star as at panorama both of a newborn after the World War II privileged social stratum, nomenklatura, and a system of social elevators leading to it – as much demanded by its target audience. The modes of fictional re-interpretation of real bureaucratic procedures are considered as well as the authors’ dealing with the key characters representing different nomenklatural positions; and also some «ethnographic» characters used to blur the border between social strata, so that the Soviet “new ruling class” could still be seen as an integral part of “working people”. The paper also deals with operational mechanisms of manipulative political metaphors and with those means Semyon Babayevsky and Yuliy Raizman used to ensure the highest possible level of propaganda impact. Special attention is also paid to the figure of Stalin as the key element in the “Grand style” mythology that form a hidden suggestive structer of the text.
Abstract This paper is the analysis of the repeated participation of the 1990 and 1994 elections candidates in the following 1998–2014 elections. The interest in the long-standing candidates is ...dictated by the need to better understand which type of political background and political strategy gravitate more to the commencement of a political career at the very beginning of democracy building in Ukraine. The paper hypothesizes that in 1990 having a Communist Nomenklatura background was the determining factor, whereas in 1994, unaffiliated candidates who originated from the „party of power” were the main contenders. The hypotheses are tested using the data on the background and electoral results of the candidates, who started in the 1990 and 1994 electoral campaigns (8,898 candidates in the EAST PaC database). In this study both successful and failed candidates are studied because they all acquire experience of political professional activity. It was found out that the Communist party officials and managers of the state enterprises, who had won in 1990, competed in the following electoral campaigns less often, while unaffiliated directors more often. The affiliation with the left-wing parties in 1994 predicts higher odds that a candidate will repeat his/her attempts to get a seat. 1
U Glasniku Hrvatskog botaničkog društva do sada je objavljeno šest priloga koji dopunjuju nacionalni popis flore Hrvatske i bazu podataka Flora Croatica (FCD) s novoopisanim i novootkrivenim biljnim ...svojtama. Osim toga provode se i nomenklaturne preinake već postojećih svojti. Kako bi se taj niz i dalje nastavio, ovaj prilog je sedmi u nizu te je u bazu FCD dodano jedanaest novih svojti (
Alnus rohlenae
Vít, Douda et Mandák,
Catalpa ovata
G. Don,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
rigida
(Pamp.) Feoli Chiapella et F. Conti,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
sericea
,
Iris foetidissima
L.,
Oenothera lindheimeri
(Engelm. et A.Gray) W. L. Wagner et Hoch,
Onobrychis alba
(Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. subsp.
calcarea
(Vandas) P. W. Ball,
Pistia stratiotes
L.,
Rudbeckia triloba
L. i
Salvia hispanica
L.) koje su zabilježene po prvi puta za Hrvatsku kao i jedna novoopisana vrsta za znanost (
Knautia ehrendorferi
Rešetnik, Frajman et Schönsw.). Osim toga, izvršena je jedna nomenklaturna preinaka koja se odnosi na vrstu
Knautia adriatica
Ehrend. koja je uklonjena s popisa jer je sinonimizirana s endemičnom vrstom Knautia dalmatica Beck.
In the Journal of the Croatian Botanical Society six contributions were published that serve as an update of the national flora checklist and the Flora Croatica Database (FCD) with new entries of a newly described plant taxa and new discovered taxa in the flora. Besides that, nomenclatural changes were applied as well on already existing plant taxa. This is the seventh contribution with eleven new plant taxa (
Alnus rohlenae
Vít, Douda et Mandák,
Catalpa ovata
G. Don,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
rigida
(Pamp.) Feoli Chiapella et F. Conti,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
sericea
,
Iris foetidissima
L.,
Oenothera lindheimeri
(Engelm. et A.c Gray) W. L. Wagner et Hoch,
Onobrychis alba
(Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. subsp.
calcarea
(Vandas) P. W. Ball,
Pistia stratiotes
L.,
Rudbeckia triloba
L. and
Salvia hispanica
L.) added to the FCD, as their first record in Croatia, and one species is described new to science (
Knautia ehrendorferi
Rešetnik, Frajman et Schönsw.). In addition, one nomenclatural change related to the species
Knautia adriatica
Ehrend. was made, and it is excluded from the checklist of the Croatian flora because it is synonymized with endemic species Knautia dalmatica Beck.
In Soviet political discourse, the accession of Western Ukraine to the USSR was seen as an event of great historical importance, for it led to the reunification of the “great Ukrainian people within ...a single Ukrainian state,” the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The official rhetoric stated that with the accession of Western Ukraine, a new, better period in history began for all residents of those regions, a period of inevitable development and unavoidable progress. The prevailing belief was that despite the specific features of the western regions of the country, the general laws of historical development were unchallengeable: the transition from one socio-economic formation to another, a much more progressive one, was bound to lead to the same result for all. The Bolsheviks believed that only the Soviet state could help the workers of Western Ukraine to overcome their economic and cultural backwardness in a rather short period of time. The process of Sovietization required a significant increase in the number of administrators and specialists, which was accomplished by recruiting them from the eastern regions of Ukraine as well as from other regions of the USSR. This article attempts to answer the following questions: How can one describe the Soviet cadres invited to lead western Ukrainians forward on their path to progress? Did the image of the ideal leader correspond to his real appearance and behavior? The main sources used to answer these questions include transcripts of the speeches of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CP(b)U) Nikita Khrushchev at plenums of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U, at meetings of secretaries of oblast committees, and at the meetings of party activists in West Ukrainian regions in the period between 1944 and 1949 that is in the period from the expulsion of the Germans from West Ukrainian lands and the restoration of Soviet control over these territories until Khrushchev’s transfer back to Moscow. Those administrators who were sent from the eastern regions of the Ukrainian SSR were usually poorly educated, incompetent and undisciplined; they did not speak Ukrainian, often abused their positions and broke the law. The recruitment of local activists for administrative work was not successful either, as there were few loyal and qualified administrators in Western Ukraine and those that were available were often not trusted. Personnel problems were a constant subject of discussion in the party organs, but it had not possible to rectify the shortcomings before the end of 1949, so the ideal image of a leader often differed greatly from the real image.
This article looks at the meaning of the term nomenklatura, the positions within the Soviet Estonian literary life that were included in the Communist Party nomenklatura, the day-to-day practices ...used when dealing with "nomenklatural writers," and the most prominent "nomenklatural writers" during the post-Stalin era. The term nomenklatura has a number of meanings in the Soviet context. Firstly, it was a (secret) list of key positions to which people were appointed and from which they were removed by a decision of a specific party committee; secondly, it was a set of bureaucratic procedures; and thirdly, the people who filled these positions. As a specific instrument of power, the nomenklatura ensured the Communist Party a control over the leading cadres in whatever sphere of activity they operated while their position belonged to the list of the party nomenklatura. Thus, the party had at every administrative level their own nomenklatura list. The Central Committee of the Estonian Communist Party (hereafter CC ECP) had roughly 2000 positions included in the nomenklatura that were considered important at the national level. Furthermore, the nomenklatura at this level was subdivided into the Bureau, Secretariat and "accounting" lists. These individual lists, as well the CC ECP nomenklatura as a whole, were never fixed; instead, the composition of the lists and the number of the positions changed frequently. In the field of literature, the CC ECP nomenklatura included about twenty positions that were more or less tied to the Writers' Union of the Estonian SSR; these included positions at the Writers' Union itself, at the journals Looming and Keel ja Kirjandus, and at the newspaper Sirp ja Vasar. The role of the CC ECP mostly, but not exclusively, involved formal procedures, such as the approval of decisions or nomenklatura appointments, but also the activities that preceded it. This article demonstrates that the involvement of the CC ECP was evident in scouting and selecting suitable candidates for certain positions, as well as in seeking support for their appointment from a circle of leading writers. However, this varied greatly depending on the subdivision to which the position belonged. Especial attention was paid by Communist Party functionaries to the positions which belonged to the Bureau list and to the Chairman of the Writers' Union, in particular. The three most important literary leaders of the post-Stalin era – Juhan Smuul, Paul Kuusberg and Vladimir Beekman – were also hand-selected by the CC ECP. In addition to being members of the Communist Party, they had a number of desirable qualities that made them suitable to be promoted to the Chairman of the Writers' Union. Their strengths, such as Smuul's personality and talent as a writer, Kuusberg's administrative capability, and Beekman's poise and good education, could be shaped to produce an ideal – or at least close to ideal – literary leader for Soviet Estonia.
Recent studies of Putin-era elites have focused primarily on the role of siloviki. We bring the focus back to an analysis of the elite continuity within the Soviet regime. By compiling a dataset of ...the Putin-regime elites, we track their professional and family backgrounds to discover that the proportion of Putin-regime elites with Soviet nomenklatura origin (which comprised only 1-3% of the population during the Soviet period) constitutes approximately 60% of contemporary elites. Most have ties in the middle and lower, rather than the top, ranks of the nomenklatura. In addition, the share of those with nomenklatura backgrounds in Putin-era elites is significantly higher than the share of siloviki. These results reflect a noticeable continuity between the Soviet-era and Putin-regime elites 30 years after the transition. This often-ignored characteristic helps understand the absence of an elite split and a high degree of elite compliance with re-autocratization in Putin's Russia.
W niniejszym tekście podjęta została dyskusja nad zdefiniowaniem pojęcia polski język medycyny (medyczny) dla celów glottodydaktyki. Artykuł składa się z sześciu części. W pierwszej kolejności ...omówiono dotychczasowe założenia teoretyczne nauczania polskiego języka medycyny (medycznego). Następnie zaprezentowano sposoby opisu języka medycznego na gruncie glottodydaktyki angielskiej, francuskiej i niemieckiej. W kolejnej części znalazły się metodologiczne i lingwistyczne założenia materiałów glottodydaktycznych przeznaczonych do kształcenia specjalistycznego. W czwartej części zarysowano definicję pojęcia medycyny w kategoriach semantycznych oraz syntaktycznych. Piąta część poświęcona została legislacyjnemu rozumieniu polskiego języka medycyny (medycznego). Rozważania te prowadzą do prezentacji konkluzji i wskazań dla glottodydaktyki polonistycznej w części szóstej. Wyniki analiz wykazały, iż zagadnienie opisu języka polskiego do celów specjalistycznych jest bardzo złożonym procesem. Niezbędne są dalsze badania, dotyczące m.in. warstwy stylistycznej polskiego języka medycyny (medycznego), kompetencji socjolingwistycznej, socjokulturowej i realioznawczej.
Extensive research on the political mobility of Chinese officials at central, provincial, municipal and county levels has yet to fully consider an important group of elites – the leaders of China's ...core central state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This paper presents the first systematic analysis of their political mobility between 2003 and 2012 using an original biographical dataset with 864 leader-year observations. Under the Hu Jintao administration, these leaders emerged as a distinctive group within China's top political elite: increasingly well-educated but lacking experience beyond state-owned industry, with both lengthening leadership tenures and years of previous work in their companies. Instead of a “revolving door” through which these individuals rotate routinely between state-owned business and the Party-state to positions of successively higher rank, a top executive posting was most often a “one-way exit” to retirement. Of those who advanced politically, virtually all were transferred laterally along three career pathways with little overlap: to other core central SOEs; provinces; and the centre. This paper underscores the theoretical importance of disaggregating types of lateral transfer to research on Chinese officials’ political mobility and the cadre management system. 目前关于中国中央、省部级、地市级和县级的官员政治流动的广泛研究尚未充分考虑到中国中央国有企业 (央企) 领导人这一重要政治精英群体。本文运用原创性的、涵盖 864 笔央企领导人和年份的简历数据库, 首次系统性地研究了 2003 年到 2012 年的央企领导人政治流动。研究发现, 在胡锦涛政府期间, 他们成长为中国高层政治精英的独特群体, 主要表现为他们的教育水平在不断提高, 但缺乏国企之外的工作经历, 同时他们的领导任期偏长, 而且长期在同一企业工作。央企高管职位往往是通往退休的单行道, 而非成为国企和政府体制之间例行的晋升旋转门。而那些政治上得到晋升的央企高管, 则几乎都通往其他央企、省级部门和中央部门这三个绝少交叉的职业轨道。本文强调在研究中国官员的政治流动和干部管理制度时, 分解不同类型的横向流动的理论意义。
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