•Principles for determining the standard rating conditions of heat pumps are proposed.•Standard rating conditions for different ASHP systems in China are established.•Technical characters, energy ...savings and economic benefits of ASHPs are analyzed.
Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) are widely used in various types of buildings in different regions of China. Considering the significant differences in the characteristics in heat source side and user side, providing different products for different zones is an effective strategy to promote the systematic development of the ASHP technology. To realize the goal of energy conservation, standard rating conditions are extremely important. The principles for determining the standard rating conditions based on a two-side (heat source/user side) multi-grade (different conditions) method were proposed along with the development of related standards. Therefore, the establishment of standard rating condition is introduced and summarized systematically. For heat source side, the standard rating conditions for heating were classified into four types according to the lowest ambient temperature (−25, −12, −2, 7 °C), while for cooling they were constant (35 °C). For user side, the conditions for supply air (20/27 °C for heating/ cooling), floor heating (35 °C), radiator (50 °C), fan coil unit (41/7 °C for heating/cooling), domestic hot water (55 °C), and industrial use were also determined. This study introduced the implications on ASHP by different standard rating conditions, especially the technical requirements, which indicated the necessity of providing different system cycles and compressors. The energy savings and economic benefits were also evaluated. The primary energy saving rate reached 15.3% and 41.6% compared with coal heating and conventional ASHP respectively by using low ambient temperature ASHP. The results showed that these standards have been satisfactorily developed.
U ovome su radu prikazane norme za semantičke kategorije
koje se pojavljuju u svakodnevnome jeziku. Popis 64 kategorije preuzet je iz
normi na engleskome jeziku (Van Overschelde i sur., 2004), a ...dodane su još
dvije kategorije. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 194 ispitanika (M = 38, Ž =
156), većinom studenti Sveučilišta u Rijeci (92.3 %). Zadatak ispitanika bio
je navesti četiri tipična pripadnika za svaku kategoriju, a odgovori su
bilježeni pomoću računala. U radu su prikazane mjere koje opisuju status
kategorije, a to su ukupan broj navedenih entiteta (pripadnika kategorije),
broj entiteta s frekvencijom jednakom ili većom od deset, broj
visokofrekventnih entiteta čija je proporcija pojavljivanja jednaka ili veća
od .80 te indeks konzistentnosti odgovaranja. Naveden je i rang kategorija
prema indeksu konzistentnosti odgovaranja. Osim toga, za svaku su kategoriju
prikazani odgovori s frekvencijom pojavljivanja jednakom ili većom od deset,
a za svaki je navedeni entitet prikazana proporcija pojavljivanja, zatim
proporcija pojavljivanja na prvome mjestu te prosječni rang položaja odgovora
unutar pojedine kategorije. Izrađene norme za semantičke kategorije
predstavljaju metodološki alat za ujednačavanje i sistematizaciju jezičnih
podražaja koji će biti od koristi u budućim istraživanjima iz kognitivne
psihologije, psiholingvistike i srodnih područja na hrvatskome jeziku.
In this paper, norms for semantic categories used in
Croatian everyday language are presented. We used the list of 64 categories
from the norms in English language (Van Overschelde et al., 2004), and 2
categories were added to the list. In the study participated 194 subjects (M =
38, F = 156), mainly students of the University of Rijeka (92.3 %). The
participants had to list four typical exemplars for each presented category.
Measures that describe the status of each category are shown: total number of
entities, number of entities with a frequency higher or equal to ten, number
of high-frequency entities whose proportion is equal to or higher than .80,
and response consistency index. Categories were ranked according to the
response consistency indexes. Furthermore, for each category, entities with a
frequency higher or equal to ten are presented, and the proportion,
proportion of appearing in the first place, and the mean rank of the position
of the response are presented for each entity. Category norms are a
methodological research tool that can be used for systematization of verbal
stimuli in future research in the Croatian language in the area of cognitive
psychology, psycholinguistics and related fields.
•Relative humidity has a major impact on spinach's weight loss in chilled storage•Pre-handling of spinach influences weight loss during chilled storage•Weight loss from spinach and cellulose sheets ...correlate over 72 h of storage•Cellulose based food simulant allows for the evaluation of chilled storage climate•IEC 63169:2020 simulates the weight loss of highly perishable vegetables
Vegetables lose quality after harvest mainly due to water-related weight loss. In households, vegetables are usually stored in refrigerators, typically providing temperatures from 0 – 14°C and relative humidity ranges from 20 – 100 %. Weight loss is related to the storage humidity conditions. As a consequence, storage systems providing humidity-controlled conditions are decisive for the evaluation of the freshness performance of refrigerators. To evaluate the impact of storage zones on the fresh weight loss of stored goods, the international standard IEC 63169:2020 “Electrical household and similar cooling and freezing appliances – Food preservation” has been released. It uses a cellulose based food simulant, overcoming influences of cultivar and post-harvest handling conditions of real vegetables. This publication compares the weight loss of spinach and the food simulant in chilled storage conditions at three ranges of relative humidity. Different cultivars and pre-handling modifications of the spinach were used to determine the impact of product parameters on weight loss. A round robin test was performed to analyse the applicability of the IEC 63169:2020. The results prove the applicability of the standard to analyse the impact of humidity controlled storage on weight loss: It is shown that pre-handling has an impact on spinach's weight loss, which is overcome by the food simulant. For all tested conditions, the weight loss behaviour from spinach and the food simulant is correlating in test durations up to 72 h. The round robin test shows that the test method of IEC 63169:2020 provides repeatable and reproducible results.
Despite an apparent expansive inclusivity of the aims of work-life programmes, there remains a fairly narrowly defined heteronormative view of the family. Alternative and non-normative perspectives ...of family life, and especially those pertaining to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transsexual (LGBT) identities, remain relatively occluded and under-researched. The aim of this paper is to question the presence and relevance of LGBT voices and perspectives in work-life research as they seem neither visible nor on the frontline of work-life research despite their increasingly legitimate presence in organisational and societal discourses.
On interroge d’abord ici l’implication de l’État dans la langue (le corpus de la langue nationale), qui présente trois facettes : on peut considérer l’État comme législateur, producteur de normes ...juridiques, comme locuteur, producteur de discours, ou comme organisateur, producteur d’actes, institutionnels et matériels. C’est dans ce dernier secteur que se situent l’appareil d’enseignement et l’Académie, simple institution spécialisée, y compris les textes (circulaires, programmes) qui expliquent cette action organisatrice. Dans les trois cas, l’État ne produit qu’indirectement et marginalement des normes de langue – en dépit de mythes tenaces. Tout cela souligne la composante idéologique, centrée sur le concept de légitimité – mais aussi consensus, norme-normalisation, insécurité, etc. Ces débats concernent la nature de l’État et la cohésion du corps politique.
We question here the state’s implication in (the corpus of the national) language, which can be presented from three perspectives: One can view the State as a legislator, producing legal norms; as a speaker, generating speech; or as an organizer, issuing institutional and material acts. The educational system and the Académie française, a specialized institution, are part of this third role that relies on texts (government circulars, programmes) defining this organizational action. On these three levels, the state’s implication in the production of linguistic norms remains indirect and scarce ―despite resistant myths to the contrary. The above brings out an ideological component focusing on the concept of legitimacy, along with the ideas of consensus, norm and normalization, linguistic insecurity, etc. These debates concern the nature of the state and the cohesion of the political body.
On se représente souvent la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, en raison de l’importance de ses propositions prescriptives, comme un moment où les discours tenus ont été acceptés et suivis d’effet. ...C’est au volet « limites » que nous nous intéressons dans cette contribution. Après avoir apporté quelques précisions terminologiques sur ce que l’on peut appeler normes et prescriptions, nous revenons sur les fondements de l’« anti-prescriptivisme » au XVIIe siècle, notamment dans l’espace des « remarques sur la langue », et nous montrons comment ce courant de résistance aux prescriptions a été repris par la culture mondaine de la fin du siècle. Au total, nous considérons que, loin de pouvoir être considérée seulement comme une période de « réglage », la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle peut être vue au contraire comme un moment conflictuel et polémique, caractérisé par une altération de la normativité traditionnelle de la grammaire et par l’installation de régimes sociaux d’opposition qui rendent difficile tout établissement d’une norme unique adossée à une prescription claire.
The second half of the seventeenth century is often depicted, due to the intense prescriptive activity, as a time when the arguments made were accepted and followed by effect. In this paper, we focus on the possible limits of this activity. After some terminological clarifications on what may be called norms and prescriptions, we study the foundations of “anti-prescriptivism” in the seventeenth century, especially in “remarks on language”, and we show how this current of resistance to prescriptions was taken up by the worldly culture of the end of the century. In total, we consider that, far from being considered only as a period of “adjustment”, the second half of the seventeenth century, on the contrary, can be seen as a conflictual and polemical moment, characterized by an alteration of the traditional normativity of grammar, and by the establishment of social opposition that made it difficult to establish a single standard supported by a clear prescription.
Der wachsende Einfluss der Internetplattformen des 21. Jahrhunderts in wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und politischer Hinsicht hat eine Diskussion über die angemessene Regulierung dieser ...Konzerne ausgelöst. Im Zentrum dieser Debatte steht das Kartellrecht – das Rechtsgebiet, das zur Kontrolle marktbeherrschender Unternehmen geschaffen wurde. Die Bestimmung des im Kartellrecht fundamentalen Begriffes der marktbeherrschenden Stellung steht in der Rechtsanwendung bei Internetplattformen vor zahlreichen Herausforderungen, von der Unentgeltlichkeit der Leistungen bis hin zur Mehrseitigkeit der Geschäftsmodelle. Die vorliegende Arbeit zerlegt den Begriff der marktbeherrschenden Stellung in seine Teile und zeigt auf, inwiefern die Methodik einer Anpassung an die digitale Wirtschaft bedarf. Dies geschieht unter Einbeziehung der Erkenntnisse der Rechtsökonomie sowie der Rechtsordnungen Deutschlands, der Europäischen Union und der USA.
La calidad en educación superior se aprecia en los sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad, a través de procesos de autoevaluación. Para una institución de educaciónsuperiorIES ...esunprocesodeparticipación activa de los stakeholders en la identificación de las fortalezas y oportunidades de mejoramiento, tanto de la institución como de sus programas académicos, encaminados al cumplimiento de su misión y permanente mejoramiento. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo dar respuesta a los procesos de autoevaluación contenidos en la legislación colombiana, integrando los modelos de autoevaluación y los requisitos de la Organización Internacional de Normalización NTC-ISO 9001:2015. Para esto se hace uso de la metodología de desarrollo de producto de Schnarch aplicada en el desarrollo de un modelo integral de autoevaluación para la Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito. El estudio permitió una caracterización y diagnóstico del proceso de autoevaluación en los stakeholders a través de la metodología de dinámica de sistemas para desarrollar un modelo que permita a las IES abordar los procesos de autorregulación, de registro calificado, acreditación institucional, de programas académicos y sus respectivas renovaciones.
La problématique de l’usage la langue française en Afrique a toujours alimenté la recherche scientifique et universitaire. La réflexion actuelle s’interroge sur la récurrence et la pérennité des « ...fautes » syntaxiques dans l’expression écrite des élèves de troisième pourtant outillés par les leçons de grammaire depuis l’école primaire. Ce raisonnement se perçoit comme une pratique sur laquelle il est nécessaire de s’attarder d’autant plus que la norme scolaire vulgarisée par les pouvoirs publics et les enseignants n’a jamais été prise en compte par certains contextes sociolinguistiques. Il se trouve que la socioculture considérée comme un prisme dans les procédés d’écriture de ces élèves, influence majoritairement ces procédés que nous pouvons taxer d’indigène. Or l’expression écrite a toujours été considérée comme étant une langue correcte, pure, réfléchie, normée. Les éléments du corpus que nous avons répertoriés montrent vraiment une langue distincte du français. Les pratiques écrites de la langue française de ces apprenants l’attestent bien. Telles sont des confusions et des généralisations grammaticales relevées dans des copies des élèves. Cet article se propose ainsi de décrire, d’analyser et de comprendre le caractère continuel de quelques « fautes » d’accord du français écrit des élèves de cette classe à partir de sa forme écrite normative.
Od svojih početaka 1987. godine, norma ISO 9001 je postala jedan od najčešće
korištenih sustava za upravljanje kvalitetom u organizacijama diljem svijeta. Zbog svoje
široke mogućnosti primjene i ...međunarodne priznatosti, smatra se preduvjetom za
uspješnu internacionalizaciju poduzeća. U vremenu digitalizacije, transformacije tržišta
rada i kapitala te pojave globalno rođenih poduzeća, postavljaju se pitanja o tome je li
norma ISO 9001 i dalje značajna kao što je nekad bila. Ovo je posebno važno u kontekstu
malih i srednjih poduzeća koja predstavljaju ekonomsku osovinu razvijenih zemalja. Rast
globalizacije svjetskih tržišta je izmijenio okolnosti unutar kojih se mala i srednja
poduzeća natječu te ona sve češće ulaze na međunarodna tržišta odmah po osnutku. Cilj
ovog rada je odgovoriti na pitanje kako i pod kojim okolnostima mala i srednja poduzeća
danas donose odluku o implementaciji norme ISO 9001. Kako bi se rasvijetlio ovaj
nedovoljno istraženi fenomen u radu je sistematizirana literature na temu norme ISO
9001 i malih i srednjih poduzeća. Pritom je poseban naglasak stavljen na ključne
odrednice i prepreke implementaciji norme ISO 9001 u malim i srednjim poduzećima kao
i na ključne ishode u smislu performansi malih i srednjih poduzeća nakon implementacije
norme ISO 9001.
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