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Orodispersible films possess a great potential as a versatile platform for nanoparticle-loaded oral dosage forms. In this case, poorly water-soluble organic materials were ground in a ...stirred media mill and embedded into a polymer matrix. The aim of this study was the shortening of this manufacturing process by the integration of several process steps into a stirred media mill without facing disadvantages regarding the film quality. Furthermore, this process integration is time conserving due to the high stress intensities provided in the mill and applicable for high solids contents and high suspension viscosities.
Two organic materials, the model compound Anthraquinone and the active pharmaceutical ingredient Naproxen were investigated in this study. Besides the impact of the film processing on the crystallinity of the particles in the orodispersible film, a particle load of up to 50% was investigated with the new developed processing route. Additionally, a disintegration test was developed, combining an appropriate amount of saliva substitute and a clear endpoint determination. In summary, high nanoparticle loads in orodispersible films with good particle size preservation after film redispersion in water as well as a manufacturing of the film casting mass within a few minutes in a stirred media mill was achieved.
COVID-19 has spread out its wings across the globe and is taking away many lives. Millions of people are (self) quarantined to prevent the spread of this viral disease. World Health Organization ...(WHO) has affirmed that there is not any medicine for COVID-19. Besides, there is also no single drug that is approved by any regulatory agency for usage against this dangerous disease. Researchers across the globe are working tirelessly to fix an end to this virus and to save precious lives. While the research is in full swing, one is not sure whether they would come up with a chemical/herbal drug or a vaccine. Irrespective of the type of active ingredient for COVID-19, one needs to have a proper system to deliver the identified active ingredient to subjects/patients across the globe. Orodispersible films (ODFs) are excellent and attractive drug delivery carriers that have the potential to deliver drugs, herbal extracts, and vaccines. They are apt for patients who have a problem consuming traditional drug products such as tablets or capsules. The beauty of this dosage form is that it does not need water to consume by the subjects and can be readily administered to the tongue. The present review highlights the true potential of ODFs to act as a carrier for the delivery of various antiviral drugs/herbs/vaccines.
The planar anisotropy (PA) and tension–compression asymmetry (TCA) of the CP-Ti were investigated via uniaxial tension and compression tests at room temperature. The formability and the earing ...behavior of the CP-Ti sheet were studied via deep drawing experiment. The deep drawing simulations using the uniaxial tensile and the compressive curves as the hardening rules were compared with each other and with the experimental results. The CP-Ti sheet showed PA and TCA in yielding and strain hardening. The PA was characterized by the plastic strain ratio
r
0
,
r
45
, and
r
90
of 1.47, 2.06, and 2.05. The TCA showed PA, which showed tension–compression yield strength ratios of 1.12, 1.08, and 1.04 in 0°, 45°, and 90° in the rolling direction, and tensile and compressive hardening exponent ratios of 0.86, 0.8, and 0.62. The orientation distribution functions (ODFs) analysis demonstrated that the tensile and the compressive deformation textures were different and showed PA. The simulative results, including the simulated forming force and the earing profiles using the uniaxial tensile and compressive curves as the hardening rules, were not in agreement with each other. The results were not in good agreement with the experimental results, implying that the TCA had an important effect on the formability of the sheet. The TCA tended to reduce the thickness of the deep drawing parts, increase the earing ratio, and affect the drawing force.
The paper presents the scaling-based approach to analysis and prediction of magnetic anisotropy in grain-oriented steels. Results of the anisotropy scaling indicate the existence of two universality ...classes. The hybrid approach to prediction of magnetic anisotropy, combining the scaling analysis with the ODFs method, is proposed. This approach is examined in prediction of angular dependencies of magnetic induction as well as magnetization curves for the 111-35S5 steel. It is shown that it is possible to predict anisotropy of magnetic properties based on measurements in three arbitrary directions for φ = 0°, 60° and 90°. The relatively small errors between predicted and measured values of magnetic induction are obtained.
Surgical dental procedures cause pain and inflammation leading to temporary restriction of the movement of the oral cavity. Consumption of analgesic medications in the form of tablets or dispersible ...tablets causes compliance issues due to the compromised movability of the mandibular joint. An Orally Disintegrating Film (ODF), due to its pliability and compact size, can be a patient compliant tool for management of postoperative dental pain over parenterally administered opioids, conventional as well as orodispersible tablets of steroids or NSAIDS. Due to the inadequacies involved in solvent-casting, an unmet need exists for a continuous, eco-friendly and patient compliant process of manufacturing. The present research work addresses the unmet need of a patient compliant delivery system containing ketorolac tromethamine by Hot Melt Extrusion. The ODF optimized by Quality by Design was found to be stable with excellent mechanical properties and provided superior release profile as compared to the equivalent marketed formulation.
We consider the problem of estimating a nonnegative orientation distribution function (ODF) from high angular resolution diffusion images. Since enforcing nonnegativity of the ODF for all directions ...on the sphere leads to an optimization problem with infinitely many constraints, prior work cannot guarantee the nonnegativity of the estimated ODF. The first contribution of this paper is to show that, under certain conditions, a single constraint is sufficient to guarantee the nonnegativity of the estimated ODF in all directions. Otherwise, when these conditions are violated, we propose an iterative algorithm that enforces one constraint at a time and is guaranteed to converge to the optimal nonnegative ODF. Experiments on synthetic and real data show that our methods produce more accurate solutions than prior work at a reduced runtime.
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a procedure that is increasingly accepted as part in the rehabilitation programme of stroke survivors. The effectiveness of FES upon gait parameters (speed, ...stride length, energetic consumption) is generally proven (different studies showing improvement in some or in all parameters) for training programs of 2 weeks to 2 months or more. We have investigated the effectiveness of a short program (6 days) of peroneal nerve stimulation with an ODFS2 device. Stimulation was synchronised with the swing phase of gait. 15 chronic stroke survivors (average time from stroke 13 months, SD=8.21) have been training for 30-45 minutes each day, 6 days. Speed, stride length and physiological cost index have been measured over a 25 m straight course, with and without the use of FES. Increase in speed, stride length and a decrease of effort (physiological cost index, PCI) were recorded after 6 days, both for normal gait and for the FES enhanced gait, but statistical significance was not reached for normal gait PCI . There was a significant supplementary increase in speed for FES gait compared to normal gait. No changes were recorded in spasticity (Ashworth scale), voluntary movement (Brunnstromm scale), independence (Barthel index). We concluded that even short time use of FES training can be beneficial to stroke patients.
We propose a novel large deformation diffeomorphic registration algorithm to align high angular resolution diffusion images (HARDI) characterized by Orientation Distribution Functions (ODF). Our ...proposed algorithm seeks an optimal diffeomorphism of large deformation between two ODF fields in a spatial volume domain and at the same time, locally reorients an ODF in a manner such that it remains consistent with the surrounding anatomical structure. We first extend ODFs traditionally defined in a unit sphere to a generalized ODF defined in R3. This makes it easy for an affine transformation as well as a diffeomorphic group action to be applied on the ODF. We then construct a Riemannian space of the generalized ODFs and incorporate its Riemannian metric for the similarity of ODFs into a variational problem defined under the large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) framework. We finally derive the gradient of the cost function in both Riemannian spaces of diffeomorphisms and the generalized ODFs, and present its numerical implementation. Both synthetic and real brain HARDI data are used to illustrate the performance of our registration algorithm.
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