RESUMEN Introducción: Chile se ha consolidado como uno de los mayores destinos migratorios de la región, por lo que ha aumentado también la migración de profesionales de la salud, quienes deben ...acreditar su formación ante la autoridad chilena pertinente. Los países sin convenios vigentes deben revalidar el título profesional en la Universidad de Chile. Objetivo: Describir las postulaciones de revalidación de títulos profesionales emitidos por universidades extranjeras a las ocho carreras pertenecientes a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile. Métodos: Estudio formulado desde el paradigma positivista. Se utilizaron métodos de análisis cuantitativos, de tipo descriptivo, transversal y basados en fuentes secundarias de información. La muestra ascendió a 1616 postulaciones de revalidación de títulos de profesionales de salud emitidos en el extranjero. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de estadística descriptiva mediante el programa STATA 16. Se consideraron como principales variables: el país emisor del título, el título a revalidar y el estado en el proceso de revalidación. Una vez consolidado este análisis, se trianguló con una revisión literaria efectuada entre junio de 2018 y abril de 2019, para establecer si la descripción podía interpretarse desde el fenómeno del drenaje de cerebros. Resultados: Las carreras con mayores tasas de solicitud de revalidación fueron Medicina y Enfermería. Un 32,55 % de las solicitudes correspondieron a títulos emitidos por universidades venezolanas y un 17,51 % del total, a universidades cubanas, por lo que estas se consolidan como las dos principales. Conclusiones: Las solicitudes de revalidación de títulos han ido creciendo a lo largo de los años. La migración de profesionales de la salud a Chile no responde al fenómeno de “drenaje de cerebros”, sino es consecuencia de los cambios políticos y sociales de la región, y la estabilidad política chilena desde los noventa.
The economic transformation process in Europe and Asia differed remarkably across countries, last but not least, with respect to agricultural labour use. While the structural change in some countries ...followed theoretical expectations and was characterised by a drastic reduction in agricultural employment, other countries experienced an increase in agricultural labour force. Against this background, the paper aims at analysing the determinants of the change of agricultural employment across a panel of formerly centrally planned economies with a particular focus on institutional factors. The analysis builds upon the theories of structural change and new institutional economics and relies on a set of econometric methods. To explain annual intersectoral labour flows, random-effects panel data models are used. Sectoral labour adjustment is measured by the difference between growth rates of agricultural and non-agricultural employment between 1990 and 2019 for a panel of 31 transition countries. The authors direct particular attention to the role of land ownership and transfer rights, which is operationalised by an updated and extended indicator of land relations. Similar to previous studies the classical determinants, such as the ratio of average income per worker in the non-agricultural sector over agriculture, the relative size of the agricultural sector or the development of relative prices, are positively correlated with a shift of labour out of agriculture. The findings suggest furthermore that occupational migration increased with a liberalisation of land transfer rights, in particular during the first two decades of transition. Land rental or sales agreements allow land owners to earn an income from their asset while working outside of the agricultural sector. Contrary to expectations based on economic theory, improved ownership rights seem to reduce labour outflow from agriculture. The results underline that institutional factors play a role in structural change. Deeper analyses of the incentives related to improved tenure rights for occupational change require individual level data.
PurposeThe present study aims at examining the determinants of occupational migration of unskilled labourer from domestic agriculture and their impact on farm business income (FBI) in Assam, ...India.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data for this study were collected during June–November, 2019 from 224 farm (cultivator) households in two contiguous districts in central Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The study used three-stage least square (3SLS) estimation technique for jointly determining the factors influencing migration and remittances and their impact on FBI.FindingsThe result of this study confirms that occupational migration of unskilled labourer from domestic agriculture significantly reduced household FBI. In contrast to the inflow of remittances from migrants helped in increasing the FBI. The migration in the study area considerably influenced by household size, total value of assets holding, networking influence, distance to commercial bank and flood proneness of the village; while the number of migrants, number of dependents and age of migrants seen to be strong predictor of inflow of remittances. Findings of present study offer evidence in support of the new economics of labour migration (NELM) theory.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is restricted to a single crop (paddy) and constrained by the collection of longitudinal data with a revisit to the farm household pre and post-migration of the unskilled labourer from household agriculture.Originality/valueThis paper is based on a novel data set that has especially been collected to examine the determinants of occupational migration from agriculture and their impact on the FBI in Assam that has not been studied before.
A rationale for providing support to the farm sector in the course of economic development and structural change is a growing gap between the incomes of non‐agricultural workers and the incomes of ...farmers. Drawing on a model that enables us to analyze the level of social stress experienced by farmers as employment shifts from the farm sector to other sectors, we find that even without an increasing gap between the incomes of non‐agricultural workers and the incomes of farmers, support to farmers might be needed/can be justified. This result arises because under well‐specified conditions, when the size of the farm population decreases, those who remain in farming experience increasing aggregate social stress. The increase is nonlinear: it is modest when the outflow from the farm sector is relatively small or when it is large, and it becomes more significant when the outflow is moderate. This finding can inform policymakers who seek to alleviate the social stress of the farming population as to the timing and intensity of that intervention.
The problem of finding a job according to professional training (graduates of technical universities) represents a real obstacle for young specialists. At the beginning of their career and at an ...early age, the financial aspect could orientate decision and behaviour for each individual, decision that could favour or not the state of national economy. The problem of understanding young specialist, sustaining and integrating them in Romanian labour market is transposed from microeconomic level to macroeconomic behavior and therefore becomes a national problem.
The paper is meant to study occupational projects (inside and outside market) of labour market. This research tries to enlighten the main manifestations of labour market participation as the decision fundamental categories in a real moment and in a real production form.
Based on the ideas formulated at the moment of decision, following professional behaviour development and acquiring new knowledge in scientific fields in which young people are interested, the present study focuses on the issue of employment upon graduation and of getting a specific job according (or not) to professional training, the desired aspirations, professional satisfaction, targets proposed and opportunities to achieve the targets settled at the time of onset.
Cette publication présente de nouvelles illustrations de l’influence des migrations internationales en Europe et dans quelques autres pays de l’OCDE sur la population active ; sur les niveaux ...d’éducation ; et sur l’évolution de la distribution des professions au cours de la dernière décennie. Elle analyse les compétences dont disposent les migrants et la façon dont elles sont utilisées sur la base d’une revue approfondie de la littérature ; et présente de nouvelles analyses des données européennes et américaines , canadiennes et de l’OCDE en général en se basant sur les données de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes – PIAAC. Enfin, plusieurs chapitres discutent du rôle que les migrations internationales pourraient jouer pour répondre aux besoins de main-d’oeuvre présents et futurs en Europe, aux États-Unis et dans l’Union européenne. Ces travaux montrent que si les migrations peuvent contribuer de façon importante à l’accroissement de la population active, leur capacité à contrer les effets du vieillissement de la population dépendront de la capacité des pays à mettre en adéquation les besoins en main-d’oeuvre avec les caractéristiques des migrants. Dans ce domaine, des efforts doivent être réalisés pour mieux utiliser les compétences des migrants et adapter les systèmes de gestion des migrations de travail aux besoins des employeurs.
This publication gathers the papers presented at the "OECD-EU dialogue on mobility and international migration: matching economic migration with labour market needs" (Brussels, 24-25 February 2014), ...a conference jointly organised by the European Commission and the OECD. It provides new evidence on the role that international migration has played in Europe and in selected other OECD countries over the past decade in terms of labour force; educational attainment; and occupational changes. It analyses the availability and use of migrants’ skills based on an in-depth literature review as well as new data analyses for Europe and the United States, Canada and the OECD as a whole, taking advantage of the International Survey of Adult Skills – PIAAC. Finally, several chapters discuss the potential role of international migration in meeting current and future labour market needs in Europe, in the United States and in the European Union. This work shows that although migration can make an important contribution to labour force growth, its role in counterbalancing the effects of population ageing will depend on the capacity of countries to match labour needs to migrants’ characteristics.
The farm sector in Japan is subject to significant economic distortions. These distortions, consequences of legislative activity in the 1950's and 1960's, have resulted in a flagging agricultural ...economy. Total agricultural output has declined significantly over the past three decades and the amount of farmland being abandoned is at record levels. Japan's Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, has targeted the agricultural sector for structural reform as part of a plan for overall economic growth. The success of reform efforts will ultimately depend on the state of productivity in Japanese agriculture and the factors causing farmers to exit farming. Internal restructuring is critical to intrasectoral growth, but the dynamics of these processes are not well understood.
Standard economic models based on the behavior of farm households motivate the use of reduced form statistical modeling. A Bayesian hierarchical model is specified to determine linkages between net farm exits over a period of time and relevant economic and demographic variables. Hierarchical models make it possible to utilize data at both the prefecture and town levels. Because several measures of productivity and market distortion are only available at the prefecture level, this modeling flexibility is especially important. The results of this approach make it possible to assess the factors influencing aggregate entry and exit from the farm sector. Additionally, this study demonstrates the importance of productivity dynamics in understanding the changing compositions of agricultural economies.
A rationale for providing support to the farm sector in the course of economic development and structural change is a growing gap between the incomes of non-agricultural workers and the incomes of ...farmers. Drawing on a model that enables us to analyze the level of social stress experienced by farmers as employment shifts from the farm sector to other sectors, we find that even without an increasing gap between the incomes of non-agricultural workers and the incomes of farmers, support to farmers might be needed/can be justified. This result arises because under well specified conditions, when the size of the farm population decreases, those who remain in farming experience increasing aggregate social stress. The increase is nonlinear: it is modest when the outflow from the farm sector is relatively small or when it is large, and it becomes more significant when the outflow is moderate. This finding can inform policy makers who seek to alleviate the social stress of the farming population as to the timing and intensity of that intervention.
In many planning and policy research settings available secondary data sources may be incapable of answering pertinent research questions because certain variable combinations are unavailable. One ...solution to this constraint is to try to construct the desired data using information from multiple data sources and prior information. Current methods for accomplishing this task tend to focus predominantly on updating transaction matrices (input-output tables, transportation flows, or interregional migration accounts) and emphasize an algorithmic approach to the problem. This paper attempts to broaden the applications and generalize the solution by extending the model-based approach to incomplete data analysis advocated by Willekens (1982). The log-linear model is presented here as a flexible platform for incomplete data analysis and a path diagram describes several alternative modeling approaches; different paths are determined by the level of available information. The paper concludes with an application to incomplete occupational migration and mobility tables.
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