Using a world historical approach, Valiani demonstrates that though nursing and other caring labour is essential to human, social, and economic development, the exploitation of care workers is ...escalating.
Scarcity in the Modern World brings together world-renowned scholars to examine how concerns about the scarcity of environmental resources such as water, food, energy and materials have developed, ...and subsequently been managed, from the 18th to the 21st century. These multi-disciplinary contributions situate contemporary concerns about scarcity within their longer history, and address recent forecasts and debates surrounding the future scarcity of fossil fuels, renewable energy and water up to 2075. This book offers a fresh way of tackling the current challenge of meeting global needs in an increasingly resource-stressed environment. By bringing together scholars from a variety of academic disciplines, this volume provides an innovative multi-disciplinary perspective that corrects previous scholarship which has discussed scientific and cultural issues separately. In doing so, it recognizes that this challenge is complex and cannot be addressed by a single discipline, but requires a concerted effort to think about its political and social, as well as technical and economic dimensions. This volume is essential for all students and scholars of environmental and economic history.
Fashioning Australia's forests Dargavel, J. (Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra (Australia))
1995
Book
Consumers in eighteenth-century England were firmly embedded in an expanding world of goods, one that incorporated a range of novel foods (tobacco, chocolate, coffee and tea) and new supplies of more ...established commodities, including sugar, spices and dried fruits. Much has been written about the attraction of these goods, which went from being novelties or expensive luxuries in the mid seventeenth century to central elements of the British diet a century or so later. They have been linked to the rise of Britain as a commercial and imperial power, whilst their consumption is seen as transforming many aspects of British society and culture, from mealtimes to gender identity. Despite this huge significance to ideas of consumer change, we know remarkably little about the everyday processes through which groceries were sold, bought and consumed. In tracing the lines of supply that carried groceries from merchants to consumers, this book reveals how changes in retailing and shopping were central to the broader transformation of consumption and consumer practices, but also questions established ideas about the motivations underpinning consumer choices. It demonstrates the dynamic nature of eighteenth-century retailing; the importance of advertisements in promoting sales and shaping consumer perceptions, and the role of groceries in making shopping an everyday activity. At the same time, it shows how both retailers and their customers were influenced by the practicalities and pleasures of consumption. They were active agents in consumer change, shaping their own practices rather than caught up in a single socially-inclusive cultural project such as politeness or respectability.
This book chronicles the introspective and contemplative strategies employed within a uniquely-designed professional development intervention that successfully increased the self-efficacy of STEM ...faculty in implementing culturally relevant pedagogies in the computer/information sciences.
This volume collects eight essays that all attempt to answer two key concerns: did markets for seafarers exist in the age of sail; and, if so, were these markets efficient? The question was initially ...approach by Charles Kindleberger, who claims a market is efficient if it permits free access for employer and employee, is supply and demand match balance so that wages increase, and that labour must command the same price across the market. The first four focus on the broadly defined early-modern period, and all agree on the existence of the markets but are divided over whether or not they are efficient. The second section asks the same questions of the nineteenth century, and receives similar answers. All of the essays take issue with the definition and application of the term ‘efficiency’ when approaching their conclusions. Each author is considered an expert within their field, and all base their research on the North Atlantic. Section 1: These essays focus on the early-modern period of maritime history. Carla Rahn Phillips considers the market for maritime labour in early-modern Spain, finding that despite the necessity of sailors and existence of the market, wages remained low and skilled maritime labourers did not have bargaining power, rendering the system inefficient. Vince Walsh examines Salem, Massachusetts, and finds that the market within Salem was efficient yet would only recruit within Salem and suffered as a result. Paul van Royen focusses on seventeenth and eighteenth century Netherlands, and finds the organisations functioned well but enable huge discrepancies in wages. David Starkey chose eighteenth century England, noting a fluctuation between efficiency and inefficiency across markets. All authors find their work linked by the prevalence of these markets and their own difficulties in determining ‘efficiency’ within these economies. Section 2: These essays focus on the maritime history of the nineteenth century. David Williams discusses the emergence on the advance note and the tremendous influence it had on market behaviour, indicating inefficient markets. Yrjo Kaukiainen considers Finland’s history of interconnected local maritime labour markets, but also struggles to quantify their ‘efficiency’ after also taking issue with the ambiguous phrase. Lewis R. Fischer addresses the imbalance of wages in Norwegian maritime markets and finds that despite the integration from local to regional markets, the system remained inefficient. Finally, Morten Hahn-Pedersen and Poul Holm consider the fishing and shipping markets in Denmark and believe the wage inconsistencies reflect an inefficient system.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT FUNDAMENTAL improvements in resource productivity and energy efficiency, the adaptation of material flows into natural cycles as well as a radical ...change in production and consumption patterns. In essence, what is required is not only an ecological approach to product design but also new marketing and consumption patterns for products that can satisfy our needs in a more environmentally sound way.
In recent years there has been growing interest in the possibilities of eco-services to achieve some of these aims. Ecologically oriented leasing, renting, pooling and sharing, where the emphasis is placed on the sale of a product's use rather than on the product itself, offer great possibilities for innovation and environmental impact reduction. At the same time, there are opportunities to create new commercial enterprises, produce added value to production and distribution functions, and therefore create jobs.
Up until now, however, there has been little research about the state of the art in ecoservices, how new services can be developed, what the attitudes of consumers are to services rather than products and what the consequences of such a structural adjustment would be for firms.
Eco-service Development
addresses this lack of research, first by providing a comprehensive inventory and analysis of current eco-services in four European countries: Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Spain. It then systematically explores the options open to market participants, the potential for environmental impact reduction, potential barriers to eco-services (such as consumer and producer resistance) and, finally, with what political and legal instruments ecologically oriented services can best be promoted. The book analyses eight consumer sectors-washing, cleaning, cooking, entertainment, gardening, do-it-yourself, mobility and leisure time-from the point of view of both supply and demand and highlights the optimisation potential and development perspectives for commercial new use eco-service concepts.
This book is the most comprehensive analysis yet published of how eco-services are being implemented and how they could best be encouraged and contains valuable lessons for policy-makers, interested businesses and all those in the academic community searching for ways to dematerialise the economy.
Целью исследования стала оценка последствий санкций, касающихся импорта в Российскую Федерацию мяса и мясопродуктов, молока и молочных продуктов, овощей, фруктов, рыбы из США, Канады, Австралии, ...Норвегии и стран Евросоюза. Для оценки последствий внешнеторговых ограничений была использована эконометрическая модель частичного равновесия типа "спрос-предложение" EPACIS. За базу был принят 2013 г., оценивались тенденции, наблюдаемые в 2014 г. В модели использовались различные сценарии существенного роста пошлин. Все они показывают сокращение импорта из Австралии, США, Канады и ЕС при одновременном увеличении импорта из Беларуси, Казахстана, прочих стран СНГ и дальнего зарубежья. Сокращение импорта происходит в пределах 55-95% в зависимости от сценария. Неполное закрытие рынка стран, попавших под запрет ввоза, показывает, что модель фактически фиксирует "серый" импорт под "прикрытием" других стран. Так как для сельского хозяйства характерна низкая эластичность предложения, эффект от санкций в краткосрочном периоде оказывается незначительным. Внутреннее производство возрастет на 2% по пшенице, прочему зерну, свинине, молоку. При этом по растительному маслу, овощам, картофелю и говядине отечественное производство немного сократится - в пределах 3%. Это связано с вероятным сокращением доходов населения и различной эластичностью спроса на разные виды продуктов. Введение запрета на импорт приводит к росту цен. В зависимости от сценария он оценивается в среднем в 20-40%. Рост потребительских цен в наибольшей степени наблюдается по фруктам и свинине - более 20%. На молоко цены возрастут от 9 до 16% в зависимости от сценария, мясо птицы - до 7, овощи - не более 10%. Потребление свинины снизится на 13%, фруктов - на 11, молока - на 4,5, овощей - на 1,3%. Таким образом, основные последствия санкций проявляются в сокращении импорта, росте цен и снижении потребления. Гипотеза о возможном росте отечественного с.-х. производства подтвердилась лишь частично.
Assessing consequences of sanctions, which concern import of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, fish to the Russian Federation from the USA, Canada, Australia, Norway and countries of the EU has become aim of research. Partial balance econometric model of "demand-supply" type called EPACIS was used for assessing foreign trade limitations consequences. 2013 was taken as basis; tendencies observed in 2014 were estimated. Different scenarios of duties essential growth were used in model. All of them demonstrate cutting import from Australia, USA, Canada and EU with simultaneous import increase from Belarus, Kazakhstan, other CIS and far-abroad countries. Import cutting occurs within 55-95%, depending on scenario. Incomplete market closing in countries, subjected to import ban, demonstrates that model actually fixes "grey" import under other countries' "cover". Since low elasticity of proposal is typical for agriculture, effect from sanctions in short-term period proves to be insignificant. Internal production will increase by 2% in wheat, other grains, pork and milk. Herewith the domestic production in oil, vegetables, potato and beef will be reduced a little - about 3%. It is connected with probable cuts of population incomes and various demand elasticity of different products. Introducing the import ban leads to raising the prices. Depending on the scenario, it is estimated to be on average 20-40%. The growth of consumers' prices in the highest degree is noted on fruits and pork - over 20%. Milk price will rise from 9 to 16%, depending on the scenario, poultry meat one - up to 7%, vegetables one - not more than 10%. The consumption of pork will reduce by 13%, of fruits - by 11%, of milk – by 4.5% and of vegetables - by 1.3%. Thus, basic consequences of sanctions appear in import cuts, rise of prices and reduction of consumption. Hypothesis of the possible growth of domestic agricultural production was only partially confirmed.
