This paper investigates the impact of co-channel interferences (CCIs) caused by the external terminals over multiuser bi-directional amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying. The investigation considers ...multiuser pair and single bi-directional AF based relay and finite numbers of external interference terminals in the system model. Simultaneous transmission model, which is default mode, creates CCIs that is caused by the other user-pairs (internal terminals) in the system model. The opportunistic source-pair selection (OSPS) strategy achieves near-optimal solution for the internal CCIs challenge and also achieves diversity order in high SNR regimes. However, external terminals’ CCIs are inevitable and degrades the system performance. The main aim of this paper is to clearly state the impacts of external CCIs both for simultaneous and OSPS methods. According to the simulation results, in the case that the external terminals’ transmit powers are identical and non-identical to each other, and if the external terminals’ transmit powers are proportional with SNR, this results on the degradation of the achievable diversity order from
N
to 0 while also affecting the coding gain. The results also show that, when the external terminals have fixed transmit power values rather than proportional with SNR, in this circumstance, external terminals interference does not affect the achievable diversity order but it affects the system coding gain.The results also show that, when the number of external terminals which affect the user-pairs and relay terminals increase, for both identical and non-identical cases, the losses at the system coding gain exponentially decay. On the other hand, if the external terminals have non-identical transmit powers and if the relay terminal is interfered with more transmit power in comparison with what interferes with the user-pairs, this gives better performance values.
Successful organisations depend on stakeholder perceptions to address changes in turbulent organisational environments, report on the social and environmental impact of activities, the prevalence of ...public activism, globalisation, emerging issues and crises, and the need to be good corporate citizens through ethical and socially responsible behaviour. Despite the current emphasis on stakeholder relations and management, a lack of research exists on how to build these relationships. This article aims to report and discuss the findings of a study that explored the lack of organisation-stakeholder relationship (OSR) building models, to emphasise the elements and development of an OSR and highlight the need for a generic, strategic, integrated approach for sustainable OSR to contribute towards organisational effectiveness. This will be done using an exploratory literature review to constitute a conceptual framework for OSR building, of which the principles of the framework will be measured among leading Johannesburg Stock Exchange-listed South African organisations, by means of a quantitative web-based survey and qualitative one-on-one interviews. The dominant focus on organisational stakeholders has provided added impetus and importance to the role of corporate communication, hence, this article will simultaneously endeavour to highlight the importance of practising corporate communication strategically, by emphasising its role in OSR.
We report a case with severe electrolyte disturbance after the use of oral sodium phosphate solution (OSPS). A 69-year-old patient on haemodialysis received 45 mL of OSPS for bowel preparation. He ...had symptomatic hypocalcaemia with a serum calcium level of 0.95 mmol/L and serum phosphate level of 4.73 mmol/L. He was treated with haemodialysis and intravenous calcium supplementation. This patient had total parathyroidectomy recently leading to the absence of parathyroid hormone response. OSPS has been reported to cause life-threatening electrolyte disturbance especially in patients with renal failure. We suggest the use of safer alternatives for bowel preparations in renal failure patients.
This paper investigates the opportunistic source-pair selection (OSPS) strategy for the co-channel interference challenge in multiuser amplify-and-forward based bi-directional wireless relaying ...networks. The method relies upon selection of the appropriate source-pair node among N available source-pair nodes based on each source pair's maximum sum capacity. According to the simulation results, the OSPS strategy, besides achieving the near optimal solution for the co-channel interference challenge, and if the number of the user pair increases, also achieves multiuser diversity order by selecting the maximum sum-capacity user-pair in each time slot.
Development of digital technology and network environment creates new copyright issues. The World Intellectual Property Organization agreed on the adoption of two copyright treaties, but there are ...many remaining problems. Efforts have started in the U.S. and Europe to implement the treaties and modernize the current copyright system, including issues regarding transmission over network, temporary storage on memory devices, and circumvention of copyright protection measures. Excessive copyright protection may cause serious problems such as a monopoly of information and a stifling of technological innovations. All related people, especially users of the information such as researchers and scientists, have to participate these debates in order to maintain the well balanced copyright system in the future.
english In 2005 we introduced a modified objective structured examination (OSPE) to assess practical capabilities in the course of microscopical anatomy for medical students at Ulm university. This ...test was intended to change and improve the working behaviour of students with respect to active participation during the course hours. During the OSPE examination the students had to examine 8 different tissue slides and pinpoint on substructures in a given time. The results were checked and documented by the supervisors in a standardized manner. The practical course and the novel examination procedure were subsequently evaluated by the students. The OSPE showed to be a practical, well accepted and personal ressources saving instrument for student assessment. The test showed a positive influence on student behaviour. german Im Sommersemster 2005 wurde an der Universität Ulm eine modifizierte objective practical examination als Erfolgskontrolle der mikroskopisch anatomischen Fähigkeiten von Medizinstundenten eingeführt. Dieser Test sollte als ein integrierendes Instrument, die vorhandenen Lehrangebote auf die Prüfung orientiert sinnvoll miteinander verknüpfen, und dadurch die Motivation zum eigenständigen Lern- und praktischen Arbeitsverhalten während der Kurszeiten erhöhen. In der Prüfung wurden den Studierenden 8 unterschiedliche histologische Schnittbild-präparate vorgelegt, in denen je eine Substruktur in einer vorgegeben Zeit bezeichnet werden sollte. Die Ergebnisse wurden vom Prüfer in standardisierter Weise kontrolliert und dokumentiert. Anschließend wurden der praktische Kurs der mikroskopischen Anatomie sowie die neue Prüfungsart von den Studierenden evaluiert. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein OSPE in der mikroskopischen Anatomie einfach zu organisieren und praktikabel durchführbar ist. Es gelang durch die Einführung der OSPE-Prüfung in der mikroskopischen Anatomie unter Schonung der personellen Ressourcen eine praktikable Prüfungsmethode zur Abfrage mikroskopisch anatomischer Kenntnisse zu etablieren und studentisches Lern- und Arbeitsverhalten positiv zu beeinflussen.
english OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) and OSPE (Objective Structured Preclinical/Practical Examination) are examinations that do not test factual knowledge but clinical and ...practical skills. They have a positive effect on the learning behaviour of students towards these skills. Because of their complex organisation and the big number of candidates in Bern, we were confronted with a shortage for examinators. To overcome this bottleneck, a computer based examination tool for Histology was developed. With this tool, we succeeded to reduce the demand for examinators by 10%. After an additional effort in the beginning, the necessary person days for the Histology examination sank from 21 to 6. With 2 PCs for the candidates and one server-PC, the technical needs were modest. Security problems were avoided by using a closed local network. Data loss was prevented by continuously saving the data to the server. Psychometrically, the computer based Histology examination was aequivalent to the formerly used structured oral examination. Computers can reduce the high demand for human resources of OSCE and OSPE. Thus, computers can help that a valuable examination method is used more often. german OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) und OSPE (Objective Structured Preclinical/Practical Examination) sind Prüfungsverfahren, bei denen nicht Faktenwissen, sondern klinische bzw. praktische Fertigkeiten geprüft werden. Sie haben einen positven Effekt auf das Lernverhalten der Studierenden diesen Fertigkeiten gegenüber. Auf Grund der komplexen Organisation der OSCE bzw. OSPE und der grossen Zahl von Kandidaten und Kandidatinnen kam es in Bern bei deren Durchführung zu prekären personellen Engpässen. Um diese Engpässe zu beheben, wurde eine computerbasierte Prüfungsmethode für die Histologie entwickelt. Mit dieser Methode gelang es, den Bedarf an Examinatoren um 10% zu senken und nach anfänglichem Mehraufwand auch die für die Histologieprüfung insgesamt benötigten Personentage von 21 auf 6 zu reduzieren. Der materielle Aufwand ist mit 2 Prüfungs-PCs und einem Server-PC bescheiden. Sicherheitsprobleme bestehen bei einem in sich geschlossenen lokalen Netzwerk nicht. Durch kontinuierliche Speicherung der Prüfungsdaten auf dem Server wird ein Datenverlust vorgebeugt. Psychometrisch war die computerbasierte Histologieprüfung gleichwertig zur früher benutzten mündlich-strukturierten Prüfung. Der Einsatz von Computern kann den hohen Ressourcenbedarf von OSCE bzw. OSPE vermindern. Er kann somit mithelfen, dass ein wertvolles Prüfungsverfahren nicht an der beschränkten Verfügbarkeit von Personl scheitert.
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