The target population of this study were the participants who received continuing education in pediatric and adolescent gynecology (PAG) carried out at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University ...School of Medicine (ZJUCH). We aimed to understand their satisfaction with the whole process and to explore the factors that might affect satisfaction.
Before the survey, we obtained information about the participants in the PAG training program from ZJUCH. The online questionnaire collected 125 responses from 21 provinces. Survey indicators include: (1) demographic characteristics and socio-economic status: gender, age, education, etc.; (2) hospital information: property, type, nature of the unit, hospital grade, etc.; (3) pre-training information: knowledge of PAG, perceived importance, intention to participate in program and whether have participated in other PAG-related training; (4) training effect assessment: training learning, training content recognition, training satisfaction, willingness to continue learning.
Of the 125 participating physicians, the mean overall satisfaction score was 8.93 (on a 10-point scale) .106 approved of the training and 116 expressed an overall satisfaction rating greater than 5. Most said that they did not know or knew a little about PAG before training (Figure1). After training, they knew very well about the four major aspects of PAG, namely, its difference and connection with obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics, its main disease spectrum, main treatment and surgical protocols. This indicates that the training works at the level of enhancing cognition (Figure2). Furthermore, they would use the knowledge in clinical practice and participate in follow-up training and clinical research projects, but nearly half of them were unsure or unwilling to become a PAG specialist.
There was a statistical difference in satisfaction among the 19 characteristics such as gender, education, hospital level and so on (Table 1).
A dichotomous logistic regression analysis (Table 2) showed that wanting to get involved in the project, high satisfaction with the occupation and workload, and knowledge of the differences after training were positive factors influencing the satisfaction.
We found that the PAG training was effective, with high satisfaction, and a great benefit to daily clinic. However, some problems were revealed: the training format, content, and assessment forms need to be further improved, the willingness to become a PAG specialist is low, the training is rarely conducted in China, and the social support for this field is insufficient.
This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University (project number: ZGL202101-9), and all participants provided informed consent. I confirm that all methods performed were in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
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Figure 1 Perception of the PAG field before the training A Level of knowledge of the PAG field before training B Perceived importance of the PAG field before training
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Figure 2 Self-assessment of post-training learning
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Additional Figure1 Geographical distribution map
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Starting from January 1st 2011, as stated by the Directive 2006/40/EC, fluorinated greenhouse gases with a global warming potential (GWP) higher than 150 can not be used in automotive applications ...any more. For this reason, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), commonly used for these applications, will be abandoned and substituted by refrigerants with lower GWP. In recent times, a new fluid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) has been proposed as an interesting alternative, since it has a very low GWP and thermodynamic properties very similar to R134a. At the moment, only few data can be found on the thermodynamic properties of this new refrigerant and, in particular, its behaviour in solution with commonly used compressor lubricants is still to be evaluated. Here, solubility experimental data of R1234yf in a Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) and in a specifically modified Double-Capped PAG (DC-PAG) commercial lubricants are measured with a static synthetic method at isothermal conditions, in the temperature range between 258 K and 338 K.
•Solubility of R1234yf in two commercial PAG oils is measured between 258 K and 338 K.•Solubility increases when temperature decreases.•The systems show positive deviations from the Raoult's law.•The measurements show a liquid phase splitting (partial immiscibility) in the high R1234yf mass fraction region for both systems.
The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset is the major γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and has the unique ability to contribute to immune surveillance by detecting pyrophosphorylated metabolites of ...isoprenoid synthesis, termed phosphoantigens (pAgs). Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are first detected at midgestation and show postnatal expansion. Interestingly, neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells display a higher TCR repertoire diversity with more public clonotypes and lower pAg responsiveness than in adults. Notably, it is not known whether postnatal changes occur by TCR‐dependent reactivity to pAg exposure. Here, we applied next‐generation sequencing of γδ TCR repertoires to understand potential differences in the pAg‐mediated response of neonatal and adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells at the level of the expressed γδ TCR. We observed a polyclonal pAg‐induced response of neonatal and adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, albeit neonatal γδ T cells showed less in vitro pAg responsiveness. Neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed a less pronounced bias for Jδ1 usage and a more frequent use of Jδ2 or Jδ3 that remained stable after pAg exposure. In addition, public and private Vδ2 TRD clones took part in the polyclonal pAg‐induced response in neonates and adults. In conclusion, adult and neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells both undergo polyclonal pAg‐induced proliferation, whereas especially adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells display a high stability at the level of the expressed TCR repertoire.
TCR repertoires of neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T
cells are distinct from adult repertoires, however, characteristics of both remain remarkably stable after pAg‐induced polyclonal expansion.
An earthquake of Mw6.4 hit the coastal zone of Albania on 26 November 2019, at 02:54:11 UTC. It was intensively felt at about 34 km away, in Tirana City, where damages and lives lost occurred. To ...emphasize a pre-seismic geomagnetic signature before the onset of this earthquake, the data collected on the interval 15 October-30 November 2019, at the Panagjurishte (PAG)-Bulgaria and Surlari (SUA)-Romania observatories were analyzed. Further on, for geomagnetic signal identification we used the polarization parameter (BPOL) which is time invariant in non-seismic conditions and it becomes unstable due to the strain effect related to the Mw6.4earthquake. Consequently, BPOL time series and its standard deviations are performed for the both sites using ultra low frequency (ULF)-fast Fourier transform (FFT) band-pass filtering. A statistical analysis, based on a standardized random variable equation, was applied to emphasize on the BPOL* (PAG) and ABS BPOL* (PAG) time series the anomalous signal's singularity and, to differentiate the transient local anomalies due to the Mw6.4 earthquake, from the internal and external parts of the geomagnetic field, taken PAG observatory as reference. Finally, the ABS BPOL* (PAG-SUA) time series were obtained on the interval 1-30 November 2019, where a geomagnetic signature greater than 2.0, was detected on 23 November and the lead time was 3 days before the onset of the Mw6.4earthquake.
•Analysis of a vapour compression refrigeration system was carried out using nano-oil.•Al2O3 nanoparticles were chosen for preparing the nano-oil.•COP of the system improved by as much as 6.5 % due ...to nano-oil.•Nano-oil enhanced the degree of subcooling in the condenser.
The current research is focused on the application of nanoparticles in vapour compression refrigeration systems. The major aim of the study is to investigate the effects of nano-oil on various performance parameters of the vapour compression refrigeration systems such as refrigeration capacity, compressor power, compressor discharge temperature and last but not the least, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigeration system. Nano-oil was prepared by dispersing Al2O3 nanoparticles in PAG oil. Al2O3 nanoparticles were chosen because of aluminium oxide's superior thermophysical properties and a low dielectric constant in comparison to other commonly used nanoparticles such as CuO and TiO2. The above-mentioned performance parameters were compared for broadly two different cases, viz., VCRS working on R134a/PAG mixture and VCRS working on R134a/PAG/Al2O3 (R134a/nano-oil) mixture. The system analysis was conducted at several evaporator temperatures ranging from -11 °C to 1 °C and at two different condenser temperatures, viz., 30 °C and 34 °C. The dispersion of nanoparticles into the compressor oil resulted in a higher degree of subcooling at the condenser exit. It was also found that the COP of the system increased by as much as 6.5 % due to the addition of nanoparticles in the system.
U radu istražujemo epitafe koji su zabilježeni na nadgrobnim spomenicima groblja otoka Paga. Ukupno je riječ o dvama gradskim grobljima – u Pagu i Novalji te dvanaest mjesnih ili seoskih groblja: ...stara i nova groblja u Dinjiškoj, Vlašićima, Povljani i groblja u Gorici, Šimunima, Kolanu, Zubovićima, Metajni i Lunu. U prvoj fazi istraživanja, specifičnom metodom terenskoga istraživanja (Fabijanić 2021.) prikupljeni su svi epitafi na spomenutim grobljima, a u drugoj fazi prikazani su kvalitativni podatci. Učinjena je raščlamba epitafa na osnovi njihove kompozicijske i leksičke strukture, tj. na nominalne, aforističke i literarizirane epitafe, ali i na osnovi njihovih specifičnih karakteristika: prema sadržaju, jeziku, stilu.
In this paper, we focused on epitaphs recorded on headstones in the cemeteries of theisland of Pag. In total, there are two urban cemeteries – in Pag and Novalja, and twelverural or village cemeteries: old and new cemeteries in Dinjiška, Vlašići, Povljana, andcemeteries in Gorica, Šimuni, Kolan, Zubovići, Metajna and Lun. In the first stage ofthe research, all epitaphs were collected using a specific field research method (Fabijanić 2021), and in the second stage qualitative data were presented. Epitaphs were analysed on the basis of their compositional and lexical structure, i.e. nominal, aphoristic, and literary epitaphs, but also on the basis of their specific characteristics:according to content, language, style. Along with names and surnames, the most common expressions are those used to inform about the ownership status of the burialplace, to send certain wishes to the deceased or to inform about the erector of the monument. Examples of aphoristic epitaphs from our corpus express: gratitude,kindness, pain, forgiveness, love, memory, death, life. The most frequently conveyedthoughts in literary epitaphs include: premature death/departure/abandonment, praiseof the deceased, transience, portrait of the deceased, desire for a reunion andresurrection of the dead, patriotic thoughts, biblical quotations, prayers, psalms, spiritual songs, paraphrases, proverbial statements. Functional style dominates withadmixtures of conversational, journalistic, and literary-artistic style, and the mostused figure of speech in the investigated epitaphs is metaphor. As far as the semanticfields are concerned, the words were classified into the following fields: kinship relations, feelings, beliefs, states and expressions, astronomical and geological terms,biological terms, animals, culinary, violence and violent behaviour, geographical termsand ethnonyms, occupations and titles, maritime, political, and military terminology,architectural terms, buildings and places of residence, religious terms, activities andprocesses, and literary works. After the nominal, the most represented are verbal andadjectival lexicons. Verbs are used in the infinitive, present, future, imperative, aorist,perfective and imperfective forms. Adjectives are divided into groups of descriptiveand possessive adjectives, and active and passive verbal adjectives.
It is well known that affective and pleasant touch promotes individual well-being and facilitates affiliative social communication, although the neural circuit that mediates this process is largely ...unknown. Here, we show that social-touch-like tactile stimulation (ST) enhances firing of oxytocin neurons in the mouse paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and promotes social interactions and positively reinforcing place preference. These results link pleasant somatosensory stimulation to increased social interactions and positive affective valence. We further show that tachykinin 1 (Tac1+) neurons in the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (l/vlPAG) send monosynaptic excitatory projections to PVH oxytocin neurons. Functionally, activation of PVH-projecting Tac1+ neurons increases firing of oxytocin neurons, promotes social interactions, and increases preference for the social touch context, whereas reducing activity of Tac1+ neurons abolishes ST-induced oxytocin neuronal firing. Together, these results identify a dipeptidergic pathway from l/vlPAG Tac1+ neurons to PVH oxytocin neurons, through which pleasant sensory experience promotes social behavior.
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•Social touch enhances oxytocin neuronal firing, social interactions, and CPP•l/vlPAG Tac1+ neurons send monosynaptic excitatory inputs to PVH oxytocin neurons•Activation of PVH-projecting l/vlPAG Tac1+ neurons promotes oxytocin neuronal firing•Activation of PVH-projecting l/vlPAG Tac1+ neurons promotes social interactions
Yu et al. identified a dipeptidergic circuit through which pleasant touch experience promotes social interactions and preference for the touch context. Tachykinin neurons in the periaqueductal gray function as a critical sensory relay node for enhancing oxytocin neuronal firing in the paraventricular nuclei and for promoting social interactions.
Regulation of gene expression is considered a plausible mechanism of drug addiction, given the stability of behavioural abnormalities that define an addicted state. Among many transcription factors ...known to influence the addiction process, one of the best characterized is ΔFosB, which is induced in the brain's reward regions by chronic exposure to virtually all drugs of abuse and mediates sensitized responses to drug exposure. Since ΔFosB is a highly stable protein, it represents a mechanism by which drugs produce lasting changes in gene expression long after the cessation of drug use. Studies are underway to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms by which ΔFosB regulates target genes and produces its behavioural effects. We are approaching this question using DNA expression arrays coupled with the analysis of chromatin remodelling-changes in the posttranslational modifications of histones at drug-regulated gene promoters-to identify genes that are regulated by drugs of abuse via the induction of ΔFosB and to gain insight into the detailed molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings establish chromatin remodelling as an important regulatory mechanism underlying drug-induced behavioural plasticity, and promise to reveal fundamentally new insight into how ΔFosB contributes to addiction by regulating the expression of specific target genes in brain reward pathways.
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•Preoperative pain facilitates postoperative cognitive function.•A new circuit exists between PAG and DR.•Inhibition of PAG-DR circuit decreases the cognitive function in rats.
...Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a medically induced, rapidly occurring postoperative disease, which is hard to recover and seriously threatens the quality of life, especially for elderly patients, so it is important to identify the risk factors for POCD and apply early intervention to prevent POCD. As we have known, pain can impair cognition, and many surgery patients experience different preoperative pain, but it is still unknown whether these patients are vulnerable for POCD. Here we found that chronic pain (7 days, but not 1 day acute pain) induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) injected in the hind paw of rats could easily induce spatial cognition and memory impairment after being exposed to sevoflurane anesthesia. Next, for the mechanisms, we focused on the Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG), a well-known pivotal nucleus in pain process. It was detected the existence of neural projection from ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) to adjacent nucleus Dorsal Raphe (DR), the origin of serotonergic projection for the whole cerebrum, through virus tracing and patch clamp recordings. The Immunofluorescence staining and western blot results showed that Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) for serotonin synthesis in the DR was increased significantly in the rats treated with CFA for 7 days and sevoflurane for 3 hours, while chemo-genetic inhibition of the vlPAG-DR projection induced obvious spatial learning and memory impairment. Our study suggests that preoperative chronic pain may facilitate cognitive function impairment after receiving anesthesia through the PAG-DR neural circuit, and preventative analgesia should be a considerable measure to reduce the incidence of POCD.
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