Paris mushroomed in the thirteenth century to become the largest city in the Western world, largely through in-migration from rural areas. The resulting dialect-mixture led to the formation of new, ...specifically urban modes of speech. From the time of the Renaissance social stratification became sharper as the elites distanced themselves from the Parisian 'Cockney' of the masses. Nineteenth-century urbanisation transformed the situation yet again with the arrival of huge numbers of immigrants from far-flung corners of France, levelling dialect-differences and exposing ever larger sections of the population to standardising influences. At the same time, a working-class vernacular emerged which was distinguished from the upper-class standard not only in grammar and pronunciation but most markedly in vocabulary (slang). This book examines the interlinked history of Parisian speech and the Parisian population through these various phases of in-migration, dialect-mixing and social stratification from medieval times to the present day.
Sovereign Defaults: The Price of Haircuts Cruces, Juan J.; Trebesch, Christoph
American economic journal. Macroeconomics,
07/2013, Letnik:
5, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A main puzzle in the sovereign debt literature is that defaults have only minor effects on subsequent borrowing costs and access to credit. This paper comes to a different conclusion. We construct ...the first complete database of investor losses ("haircuts") in all restructurings with foreign banks and bondholders from 1970 until 2010, covering 180 cases in 68 countries. We then show that restructurings involving higher haircuts are associated with significantly higher subsequent bond yield spreads and longer periods of capital market exclusion. The results cast doubt on the widespread belief that credit markets "forgive and forget."
This paper reports on the partitioning behaviour of 15 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), including C4–C10 sulfonates and C5–C14 carboxylic acids, between water, sediment and fish (European chub, ...Leuciscus cephalus) in the Orge River (nearby Paris). Total PFC levels were 73.0±3.0ngL−1 in water and 8.4±0.5ngg−1 in sediment. They were in the range 43.1–4997.2ngg−1 in fish, in which PFC tissue distribution followed the order plasma>liver>gills>gonads>muscle. Sediment–water distribution coefficients (logKd) and bioaccumulation factors (logBAF) were in the range 0.8–4.3 and 0.9–6.7, respectively. Both distribution coefficients positively correlated with perfluoroalkyl chain length. Field-based biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) are also reported, for the first time for PFCs other than perfluorooctane sulfonate. logBSAF ranged between −1.3 and 1.5 and was negatively correlated with the perfluoroalkyl chain length in the case of carboxylic acids.
► PFC tissue distribution in European chub followed the order plasma>liver>gills>gonads>muscle. ► Kd and BAF correlated with PFC alkyl chain length. ► BSAF negatively correlated with the perfluoroalkyl chain length in the case of carboxylic acids. ► BSAF did not correlate with alkyl chain length of sulfonates.
Sediment–water, biota–water and biota–sediment partitioning coefficients were determined for perfluorinated acids and sulfonates and were generally correlated with alkyl chain length.
This paper summarizes one year (April 2011 to March 2012) measurements on planar condensing surfaces of dew and rain events and related physico-chemical characteristics in the urban environment of ...Paris (city center). Yearly collected water was 3.48mm for dew (63 events) and 593mm for rain (146 events). The latter value compares well with rain data (547mm and 107 events) collected within 12km at Paris-Orly airport. An estimation of dew yield based on meteo data gives 2.35mm and 74 events, to be compared with 17.11mm and 196 events at Paris-Orly. These differences highlight the large reduction in dew events and dew yields in an urban area as compared to a close rural-like area. This reduction is not due to a sky view reduction but to heat island that increases air temperature and decreases relative humidity.
Analysis of dew (34) and rain (77) samples were done concerning pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major anions and cations as well as selected trace metals and other minor ions. Mean pH values are found similar for both, dew (6.5) and rain (6.1), rain being slightly more acidic than dew. The mean dew total ionic content (TIC 1.8meq/l) and EC value (124μS/cm) are about four times that of rain (0.45meq/l; 35μS/cm), meaning that total dissolved solids in dew is nearly four times that in rain. Sulfate and nitrate are the most acidifying components, calcium the most neutralizing constituent with ratio of mean total acidity/total alkalinity comparable for dew and rain (~0.9). Sulfate and nitrate have mainly anthropogenic sources, whereas chloride and magnesium are mostly connected with marine air masses. Dew is a considerable factor of wet deposition of pollutants; dew and rain ion concentrations, however, meet the WHO requirements for drinking water.
•One year (01/04/2011–31/03/2012) collection of dew and rain samples in Paris•Dew yield is 5 times lesser in Paris center than in suburb due to heat island.•Dew and rain show similar ionic characteristics but dew has 4 times more TDS.•Lead concentrations are small in both dew and rain water.•Dew and rain water meet WHO requirements for potable water.
Among many art, music and literature lovers, particularly devotees of modernism, the expatriate community in France during the Jazz Age represents a remarkable convergence of genius in one place and ...period-one of the most glorious in history. Drawn by the presence of such avant-garde figures as Joyce and Picasso, artists and writers fled the Prohibition in the United States and revolution in Russia to head for the free-wheeling scene in Paris, where they made contact with rivals, collaborators, and a sophisticated audience of collectors and patrons. The outpouring of boundary-pushing novels, paintings, ballets, music, and design was so profuse that it belies the brevity of the era (1918-1929). Drawing on unpublished albums, drawings, paintings, and manuscripts, Charles A. Riley offers a fresh examination of both canonic and overlooked writers and artists and their works, by revealing them in conversation with one another. He illuminates social interconnections and artistic collaborations among the most famous-Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Gershwin, Diaghilev, and Picasso-and goes a step further, setting their work alongside that of African Americans such as Sidney Bechet, Archibald Motley Jr., and Langston Hughes, and women such as Gertrude Stein and Nancy Cunard. Riley's biographical and interpretive celebration of the many masterpieces of this remarkable group shows how the creative community of postwar Paris supported astounding experiments in content and form that still resonate today.
Beloved as the city of light, Paris in the nineteenth century sparked the acclaim of poets and the odium of the bourgeois with its distinctive sounds. Street vendors bellowed songs known as the Cris ...de Paris that had been associated with their trades since the Middle Ages; musicians itinerant and otherwise played for change; and flâneurs-writers, fascinated with the city's underside, listened and recorded much about what they heard. Aimée Boutin tours the sonic space that orchestrated the different, often conflicting sound cultures that defined the street ambience of Paris. Mining accounts that range from guidebooks to verse, Boutin braids literary, cultural, and social history to reconstruct a lost auditory environment. Throughout, impressions of street noise shape writers' sense of place and perception of modern social relations. As Boutin shows, the din of the Cris contrasted economic abundance with the disparities of the capital, old and new traditions, and the vibrancy of street commerce with an increasing bourgeois demand for quiet. In time, peddlers who provided the soundtrack for Paris's narrow streets yielded to modernity, with its taciturn shopkeepers and wide-open boulevards, and the fading songs of the Cris became a dirge for the passing of old ways.
Author ofNazi Paris, a Choice Academic Book of the Year, Allan Mitchell has researched a companion volume concerning the acclaimed and controversial German author Ernst Junger who, if not the ...greatest German writer of the twentieth century, certainly was the most controversial. His service as a military officer during the occupation of Paris, where his principal duty was to mingle with French intellectuals such as Jean Cocteau and with visiting German celebrities like Martin Heidegger, was at the center of disputes concerning his career. Spending more than three years in the French capital, he regularly recorded in a journal revealing impressions of Parisian life and also managed to establish various meaningful social contacts, with the intriguing Sophie Ravoux for one. By focusing on this episode, the most important of Junger's adult life, the author brings to bear a wide reading of journals and correspondence to reveal Junger's professional and personal experience in wartime and thereafter. This new perspective on the war years adds significantly to our understanding of France's darkest hour.
In the context of underground construction projects such as large-scale linear projects, knowledge of subsoil geotechnical properties is of major importance. An effective way to analyze and represent ...the variability of these properties is to use geostatistical methods. Despite the good performance of such methods, their use is not yet widespread in the field of underground projects. This paper aims to show the usefulness of geostatistics in the field of tunneling by proposing an original 3D sectoral modeling approach that allows dividing the geological formations in homogeneous geotechnical areas to better take into account the vertical and lateral variations of geotechnical properties. The approach is tested by developing a 3D geostatistical model of the pressuremeter tests on a section of a massive tunneling project in Paris (France): the Grand Paris Express. A strong focus is also made on the model input data: a methodology is proposed to overcome the limitations of the pressuremeter test in order to better study the spatial variability of the net limit pressure. A twofold analysis is conducted by comparing the modeling results obtained with and without pressuremeter data processing and those obtained with and without sectoral modeling. The results of the comparison show that: a) data processing is useful to better discern areas of extremes values of net limit pressure; b) dividing the geological units into homogeneous geotechnical sectors provides an advantage for geological units with geotechnical heterogeneities, as it leads to improved reliability of results.
•An original 3D geostatistical modeling method for tunneling project is proposed.•Net limit pressure re-evaluation overcomes the pressuremeter test limitations.•Statistical methods identify homogeneous geotechnical areas within heterogeneous geological formations.•Sectorisation modeling outperforms global modeling for lateral geotechnical heterogeneities.
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