An argument for putting sentiment aside and maximizing the practical impact of our donated dollars: "Powerful, provocative" (Nicholas Kristof, The New York Times ). Peter Singer's books and ideas ...have been disturbing our complacency ever since the appearance of Animal Liberation. Now he directs our attention to a challenging new movement in which his own ideas have played a crucial role: effective altruism. Effective altruism is built upon the simple but profoundly unsettling idea that living a fully ethical life involves doing the "most good you can do." Such a life requires a rigorously unsentimental view of charitable giving: to be a worthy recipient of our support, an organization must be able to demonstrate that it will do more good with our money or our time than other options open to us. Singer introduces us to an array of remarkable people who are restructuring their lives in accordance with these ideas, and shows how, paradoxically, living altruistically often leads to greater personal fulfillment than living for oneself. Doing the Most Good develops the challenges Singer has made, in the New York Times and Washington Post, to those who donate to the arts, and to charities focused on helping our fellow citizens, rather than those for whom we can do the most good. Effective altruists are extending our knowledge of the possibilities of living less selfishly, and of allowing reason, rather than emotion, to determine how we live. Doing the Most Good offers new hope for our ability to tackle the world's most pressing problems.
L’originalità dell’opera sta nell’aver riletto Kant dopo le critiche di Heidegger e Levinas all’ontoteologia. Tra i risultati principali, l’aver messo in discussione l’interpretazione dominante che ...ha visto in Kant colui che ha dichiarato la fine della metafisica e di ogni forma di “ontoteologia”. Vi si mostra, infatti, che Kant, inventore del termine, considera l’“ontoteologia” come il frutto supremo della ragione umana e le attribuisce un importante compito anche nei confronti della teologia. Quanto alla metafisica, si mette in luce come egli critichi bensì la metafisica “dommatica” del razionalismo moderno, ma proponga a sua volta un singolare modello di metafisica, capace di portare la ragione fino ai suoi “confini/limiti” (Grenze), aprendola così a ciò che l’oltrepassa: il mondo della libertà proprio dell’etica e della religione. Questo modello di “ragione ai confini” costituisce la chiave di volta di tutta la riflessione kantiana. Rileggere Kant alla luce dei rapporti tra ontologia e teologia risulta così indispensabile per la comprensione del suo intero pensiero, compresa la sua posizione su natura e limiti del sapere scientifico.
Appassionante e lucido commento di un unico aforisma, quello in cui Nietzsche fa annunciare all’uomo folle «l’enorme avvenimento» costituito dalla morte di Dio, a quasi cinquant’anni dalla sua prima ...pubblicazione la monografia di Cristoph Türcke non ha perso nulla del suo smalto e della sua rilevanza, offrendo ai lettori un’interpretazione persuasiva e originale di Nietzsche. Se in Al di là del bene e del male Nietzsche considerava ogni grande filosofia come «l’autoconfessione del suo autore», per Türcke l’aforisma di La gaia scienza «L’uomo folle» costituisce un’autoconfessione in misura anche più grande di quanto Nietzsche abbia mai potuto immaginare. Ai suoi occhi, tra le schegge aforistiche, «L’uomo folle» è la scheggia che si rapporta all’opera complessiva come il microcosmo al macrocosmo: quella che mostra come in un bagliore quell’intero che sarebbe «pena d’amor perduto» tentaredi ricostruire filologicamente. In esplicita polemica con le diffuse interpretazioni proposte da Heidegger, Deleuze, Derrida, Habermas, Vattimo, Türcke, ricostruendo lo sviluppo del pensiero nietzschiano, rivela l’inconsistenza dei «fragili bastioni» – i filosofemi della volontà di potenza, dell’eterno ritorno, del superuomo – con cui Nietzsche ha tentato di fronteggiare il crollo costituito dalla consapevolezza della morte di Dio in un universo che, a partire da Copernico, ha cessato di essere geocentrico e tolemaico. Un libro indispensabile per chi voglia affrontare con sobrietà e rigore le ambiguità e i dilemmi dell’opera di Nietzsche.
Redécouvrir le projet de recherche collectif, interdisciplinaire et fondamentalement ouvert que Nietzsche a présenté dans la Généalogie de la morale en 1887 constitue la visée de ce livre. ...Paradoxalement, la généalogie nietzschéenne a en effet été méconnue par les premiers interprètes qui en ont fait un philosophème à part entière : en particulier par Gilles Deleuze, dont le Nietzsche et la philosophie, paru en 1962, a présenté à tort la généalogie de la morale comme un concept propre à Nietzsche. Ce n’est pas ce que nous dit Nietzsche et il est essentiel de l’entendre. Car non seulement Nietzsche se reconnaît des prédécesseurs en matière de généalogie, comme l’Allemand Paul Rée et l’Anglais Herbert Spencer, mais son intervention personnelle dans ce champ consiste bien souvent à corriger des hypothèses antérieures trop « azurées ». Il faut donc lire les auteurs que Nietzsche a lus pour mesurer ses dettes, discerner ses originalités et saisir les enjeux de son travail. On mesure ainsi le sérieux philologique de son entreprise, qui en accroît à vrai dire la portée philosophique, y compris dans une perspective contemporaine.
Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, ...smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automaton play only a minor role in identifying physical computation. The second part of the book reviews three influential accounts of physical computation and argues that while none of these accounts is satisfactory, each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation. The final part of the book develops and argues for a semantic account of physical computation and offers a characterization of computational explanations.
Descartes et Spinoza Agostini, Igor; Guenancia, Pierre; Kambouchner, Denis ...
12/2022
Book
Odprti dostop
Spinoza s’est formé à la philosophie en choisissant d’étudier l’oeuvre de Descartes. Toutefois, l’originalité et la puissance de l’auteur de l’Éthique a tendance à faire oublier le terreau des thèses ...cartésiennes auxquelles il s’est confronté pour forger son système. Aucune pensée ne s’élaborant sua sponte, toute pensée s’inscrivant dans une histoire dans laquelle elle vient prendre place par un jeu complexe de renvois, de continuations, d’oppositions, de révisions ou de ruptures, il nous a paru utile, pour ne pas dire nécessaire, de remettre celle de Spinoza dans cette perspective et de mesurer ce qu’elle doit ou ne doit pas à Descartes, ce qu’elle conserve, rejette ou développe de l’héritage cartésien. Jusqu’où convient-il de soutenir à bon droit que Spinoza tourne le dos à Descartes ? L’inspiration de la pensée de Spinoza estelle étrangère au cartésianisme qui se limiterait à lui fournir les concepts utiles à son expression ? ou, à l’inverse, ne peut-elle pas être considérée, sous certains aspects, comme le fruit d’une longue méditation de thèses soutenues par Descartes dont Spinoza serait, au terme d’un long travail de polissage, moins le dissident que le continuateur ? Sous la diversité des approches proposées, ontologiques, métaphysiques, épistémologiques, anthropologiques, morales, politiques, ce volume s’efforce d’éclairer à partir de cette question un des moments les plus riches de l’histoire de la philosophie moderne.
Pursuits of wisdom Cooper, John M
2012., 20120527, 2012, 2012-05-27
eBook
This is a major reinterpretation of ancient philosophy that recovers the long Greek and Roman tradition of philosophy as a complete way of life--and not simply an intellectual discipline. ...Distinguished philosopher John Cooper traces how, for many ancient thinkers, philosophy was not just to be studied or even used to solve particular practical problems. Rather, philosophy--not just ethics but even logic and physical theory--was literally to be lived. Yet there was great disagreement about how to live philosophically: philosophy was not one but many, mutually opposed, ways of life. Examining this tradition from its establishment by Socrates in the fifth century BCE through Plotinus in the third century CE and the eclipse of pagan philosophy by Christianity,Pursuits of Wisdomexamines six central philosophies of living--Socratic, Aristotelian, Stoic, Epicurean, Skeptic, and the Platonist life of late antiquity.
The book describes the shared assumptions that allowed these thinkers to conceive of their philosophies as ways of life, as well as the distinctive ideas that led them to widely different conclusions about the best human life. Clearing up many common misperceptions and simplifications, Cooper explains in detail the Socratic devotion to philosophical discussion about human nature, human life, and human good; the Aristotelian focus on the true place of humans within the total system of the natural world; the Stoic commitment to dutifully accepting Zeus's plans; the Epicurean pursuit of pleasure through tranquil activities that exercise perception, thought, and feeling; the Skeptical eschewal of all critical reasoning in forming their beliefs; and, finally, the late Platonist emphasis on spiritual concerns and the eternal realm of Being.
Pursuits of Wisdomis essential reading for anyone interested in understanding what the great philosophers of antiquity thought was the true purpose of philosophy--and of life.
This book offers the first extended study published in English on the Hippocratic treatise On Regimen, one of the most important pre-Platonic documents of the discussion of human nature and other ...topics at the intersection of ancient medicine and philosophy.
Through a series of rigorous encounters with key critical figures, this monograph argues that modern thought is, in a double sense, the thought of pain.
Nicht erst seit dem Aufkommen des Begriffs der »Cancel Culture« scheint es, als könne man schlicht nicht mehr miteinander reden. Die unterschiedlichen Konzeptionen von Ziel und Methode, also von der ...Strategie gesellschaftlicher Auseinandersetzungen, variieren so stark, dass sie schlicht nicht mehr kommensurabel sind. Diese Situation lässt sich als das Resultat einer langen Geschichte strategischer Entwürfe und Gegenentwürfe begreifen. Christopher Jakob Rudoll gibt anhand der Beispiele von Marxismus, Katholizismus und Feminismus einen systematischen Überblick über Debattenkulturen in Theorie und Praxis seit den 1920er-Jahren - und hilft somit, die aktuelle Sprachlosigkeit besser zu verstehen.
