Place and grid cells in the hippocampal formation provide foundational representations of environmental location, and potentially of locations within conceptual spaces. Some accounts predict that ...environmental sensory information and self-motion are encoded in complementary representations, while other models suggest that both features combine to produce a single coherent representation. Here, we use virtual reality to dissociate visual environmental from physical motion inputs, while recording place and grid cells in mice navigating virtual open arenas. Place cell firing patterns predominantly reflect visual inputs, while grid cell activity reflects a greater influence of physical motion. Thus, even when recorded simultaneously, place and grid cell firing patterns differentially reflect environmental information (or 'states') and physical self-motion (or 'transitions'), and need not be mutually coherent.
Rapid urbanization increases pressure on extracting construction materials through quarrying, which is disrupting and re‐making places worldwide. In this study, we examine how people's place making ...and sense of place are reconfigured through quarrying. Taking a case study approach, we investigate perceptions of sense of place after quarrying and social‐ecological restoration in a limestone region of the Czech Republic. Our survey of 400 visitors shows that quarrying affects sense of place through feelings, activities, and quarry features. These can be predicted by socio‐demographic characteristics, experiences and preferences, and the context of a particular quarry. We conclude that sense of place and place making should be key themes of the sustainable development debate, as they help to better understand the human variables that constrain or enable socially just development. Our approach provides a conceptual basis for this by revealing the processes through which people iteratively recreate their connections to places shaped by long‐lasting disruptions, such as mining and quarrying, that erased prior socio‐cultural and material landscapes.
The study reported here examined the relationship between workplace ostracism and employee psychological distress (i.e. job tension, emotional exhaustion, and depressed mood at work) by focusing on ...the joint moderating effects of ingratiation and political skill. Data from a two‐wave survey of 215 employees in two oil and gas firms in China indicated that as predicted, workplace ostracism was positively related to psychological distress. Moreover, the findings showed that when employee political skill was high, ingratiation neutralized the relationship between workplace ostracism and psychological distress, but when it was low, ingratiation exacerbated the relationship.
This paper draws primarily on an ESRC-TLRP longitudinal study of early career professional learning, which focused on the first three years of employment of newly qualified nurses, graduate engineers ...seeking chartered status and trainee chartered accountants. The first section introduces the theoretical and methodological base provided by previous projects, then proceeds to explore an epistemology of practice, using three dimensions: (1) four key elements of practice-situational assessment, decision-making, actions and meta-cognitive monitoring; (2) the mode of cognition and its dependence on time and prior learning; and (3) the context, its influence on mode of cognition and its affordances for learning.
The central section presents the project's findings on modes of learning through a new framework, which divides learning processes according to whether the object is perceived to be learning or working, then adds a list of shorter learning activities used within both types of process, including various types of mediating artifact. The final section summarises the project's findings on factors affecting learning, then draws practical conclusions from the project's work.
The mosque is a place of worship for the Muslim community which has the capacity for a large number of congregations, over time the mosque is not only a place of worship but the mosque can also be a ...place for socializing in religious matters, in every city and region it has its own characteristics regarding the design and style that is in the mosque. The style of a marker or pattern on a building based on a certain period is usually the style of the mosque found on the exterior and interior of the building such as the shape of the door, the shape of the column, the shape of the roof, the shape of the ceiling and so on. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by searching and collecting data related to research from journals, literature, books and direct surveys to research locations. The results of the research are knowledge of what styles exist in the Al-Mi'raj mosque (Masjid Raya Bogor) and find out which form of mosque design follows.
A long-standing question in GIScience is whether geographic information systems (GIS) facilitates an adequate quantifiable representation of the concept of place. Considering the difficulties of ...quantifying elusive concepts related to place, several researchers focus on more tangible dimensions of the human understanding of place. The most common approaches are semantic enrichment of spatial information and holistic conceptualization of the notion of place. However, these approaches give emphasis on either space or human meaning, or they mainly exist as concepts without practically proven usable artifacts. A partial answer to this problem was proposed by the function-based model that treats place as functional space. This paper focuses primarily on the level of composition, describing and formalizing it as a rule-based framework with the following objectives: (a) contribute to the formalization efforts of the notion of place and its integration within GIS and (b) maintain tangible properties intertwined with the human understanding of place. The operationalization potential of the proposed framework is illustrated with an example of identifying the shopping areas in an urban region. The results show that the proposed model is able to capture all shopping malls as well as other areas that are not explicitly labeled as such but still function similarly to a shopping mall.
In this research, we study the civic perspective of pro-environmental behaviour, i.e. the environmental citizenship behaviour of urban residents. We examine a three-way interaction effect of ...residents' place attachment, their trust in local governments' environmental policies and their mobility on environmental citizenship behaviour. Using data from a sample of Beijing residents (N = 423), we test our hypotheses using moderated regression analyses. Our findings suggest that place attachment and trust influence urban residents' environmental citizenship behaviour. We also find a two-way interaction effect, which indicates that the effect of place attachment on environmental citizenship behaviour is stronger when residents have a higher level of trust. Interestingly, our results support the existence of a three-way interaction effect, implying that the positive relationship between place attachment and environmental citizenship behaviour is strongest when trust is high and when mobility is high. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are also discussed.
•Environmental citizenship behaviour measures the civic aspect of pro-environmental behaviour.•Attachment to the city positively influences environmental citizenship behaviour.•Trust amplifies the link between place attachment and environmental citizenship behaviour.•Mobility, trust and place attachment jointly affect environmental citizenship behaviour.
Peers at Work Mas, Alexandre; Moretti, Enrico
The American economic review,
03/2009, Letnik:
99, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We study peer effects in the workplace. Specifically, we investigate whether, how, and why the productivity of a worker depends on the productivity of coworkers in the same team. Using high-frequency ...data on worker productivity from a large supermarket chain, we find strong evidence of positive productivity spillovers from the introduction of highly productive personnel into a shift. Worker effort is positively related to the productivity of workers who see him, but not workers who do not see him. Additionally, workers respond more to the presence of coworkers with whom they frequently interact. We conclude that social pressure can partially internalize free-riding externalities that are built into many workplaces.
Hippocampal place cells fire at specific locations in the environment. They form a cognitive map that encodes spatial relations in the environment, including reward locations.1 As part of this ...encoding, dorsal CA1 (dCA1) place cells accumulate at reward.2–5 The encoding of learned reward location could vary between the dorsal and intermediate hippocampus, which differ in gene expression and cortical and subcortical connectivity.6 While the dorsal hippocampus is critical for spatial navigation, the involvement of intermediate CA1 (iCA1) in spatial navigation might depend on task complexity7 and learning phase.8–10 The intermediate-to-ventral hippocampus regulates reward-seeking,11–15 but little is known about the involvement in reward-directed navigation. Here, we compared the encoding of learned reward locations in dCA1 and iCA1 during spatial navigation. We used calcium imaging with a head-mounted microscope to track the activity of CA1 cells over multiple days during which mice learned different reward locations. In dCA1, the fraction of active place cells increased in anticipation of reward, but the pool of active cells changed with the reward location. In iCA1, the same cells anticipated multiple reward locations. Our results support a model in which the dCA1 cognitive map incorporates a changing population of cells that encodes reward proximity through increased population activity, while iCA1 provides a reward-predictive code through a dedicated subpopulation. Both of these location-invariant codes persisted over time, and together they provide a dual hippocampal reward location code, assisting goal-directed navigation.16,17
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•Ca2+ imaging from mice revealed spatial coding in dorsal and intermediate CA1•Dorsal and intermediate CA1 encoded the memory of reward locations differently•Dorsal, but not intermediate, CA1 encoded the memory by increasing population activity•Intermediate, but not dorsal, CA1 encoded the memory in specific reward location cells
Jarzebowski et al. show that the memory of reward location is differently encoded along the hippocampus. In dorsal CA1, population activity increases in anticipation of reward, but the pool of active cells changes with the reward location. In intermediate CA1, the same cells anticipate multiple reward locations.
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