Histories of Portugal's transition to democracy have long focused on the 1974 military coup that toppled the authoritarian Estado Novo regime and set in motion the divestment of the nation's colonial ...holdings. However, the events of this "Carnation Revolution" were in many ways the culmination of a much longer process of resistance and protest originating in universities and other sectors of society. Combining careful research in police, government, and student archives with insights from social movement theory, The Revolution before the Revolution broadens our understanding of Portuguese democratization by tracing the societal convulsions that preceded it over the course of the "long 1960s."
In The Crown, the Court and the Casa da Índia, Susannah Humble Ferreira re-evaluates the place of the overseas expansion in the policies of the Portuguese Crown in the so-called 'Age of Discoveries'.
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE), Early Jurassic, was an episode of rapid warming and deep perturbation of the carbon cycle, as suggested by the large carbon and oxygen isotope excursions ...recorded by various carbonate and organic materials of this age. Previous studies have shown that strata deposited immediately below the T-OAE are marked by widespread discontinuities, but their duration and synchronicity remain uncertain. In this study, we use the carbon isotope profiles of twelve sections from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal, to correlate shallower and deeper settings and identify the durations and possible causes of these discontinuities. The obtained correlation suggests the existence of three major discontinuities. The first occurs close to the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary and locally corresponds to an interval of condensation due to rapid transgression. The second and most marked discontinuity occurs in the mid-upper part of the Polymorphum ammonite Zone. Depending on the location in the Lusitanian Basin, this discontinuity is interpreted to reflect either marine erosion (in deeper parts of the basin) or subaerial exposure (in the shallow parts of the basin), both induced by a high-amplitude sea-level fall. In intermediate parts of the basin, this discontinuity is interpreted as a transgressive ravinement surface due to subsequent sea-level rise. This latter transgression induced the formation of a third discontinuity of sedimentary condensation (uppermost Polymorphum Zone) that corresponds to the interval of highest rate of sea-level rise just before the onset of the T-OAE. The comparison of the carbon isotope record of the Lusitanian Basin with that of other European basins indicates that these discontinuities are present on a wide paleogeographical scale within the western Tethys, and correspond to marked changes in seawater temperatures and CO2 levels, implying a control by high-amplitude, likely glacio-eustatic sea-level changes.
•C isotope stratigraphy helps in identifying discontinuities in the sedimentary record.•Major sea-level fluctuations and erosion pre-date the Toarcian Oceanic Event.•Paleotopographies likely contributed to reduce water circulation during the T-OAE.
Lisbon rising Pinto, Pedro
2015, 2015., 20130930, 2013, 2015-11-01
eBook
Lisbon rising explores the role of a widespread urban social movement in the revolutionary process that accompanied Portugal's transition from authoritarianism to democracy. It is the first in-depth ...study of the widest urban movement of the European post-war period, an event that shook the balance of Cold War politics by threatening the possibility of revolution in Western Europe. Using hitherto unknown sources produced by movement organisations themselves, it challenges long-established views of civil society in Southern Europe as weak, arguing that popular movements had an important and auto.
Potassium release from weathering of soil minerals may support the K nutrition of crops for many years. However, when soils become exhausted, the response to K fertilisation may be limited due to its ...fixation in non-exchangeable forms, reducing the efficacy of K fertilisation. The present study examines the role of soil mineralogical composition on the K fixation characteristics of soils developed under a Mediterranean type of climate. Nine soils derived from different parent materials were collected in several regions of Portugal. Soil properties were determined, and clay, silt and fine-sand fractions were studied by X-ray diffraction. Potassium fixation was determined after the soil samples had been treated with increasing rates of K application. The amount of K fixed was obtained by difference, measuring the amount of K remaining extractable by ammonium acetate.
The soils under study showed a relatively high K fixation capacity, varying between 30 and 80% for an application rate equivalent to 800 kg K ha−1. Soils with high K fixation capacity were derived from gabbros, gabbrodiorites and quarzdiorites, and had relevant amounts of vermiculites and/or interstratified mica-vermiculite minerals, either in the clay or in the silt and fine sand fractions.
Soils rich in calcium carbonates also fix high amounts of K. These soils contain mica-illite minerals and are rich in some of the above-mentioned minerals in the clay and silt fractions. While K fixation capacity is normally assumed to derive from minerals in the clay fraction, the results of this study show that vermiculites and/or interstratified mica-vermiculites present in the silt and fine sand fractions can contribute a significant proportion of the total K fixation capacity and, thus, these size fractions should also be included in any assessment of K fixation capacity.
•Soils with high K fixation are derived from gabbros, gabbrodiorites and quarzdiorites.•High K fixation capacity correlates with silt content of soils.•The pattern of K fixation in Alentejo soils was not previously reported in literature.•The % of K fixation in Alentejo soils increases with the amounts of K added.
In Portugal between 2005 and 2010, "modernization through technology" was the major political motto used to develop and improve the country's peripheral and backward condition. This study reflects on ...one of the resulting, specific aspects of this trend-the implementation of public video surveillance. The in-depth ethnography provides evidence of how the political construction of security and surveillance as a strategic program actually conceals intricate institutional relationships between political decision-makers and common citizens. Essentially, the detailed account of the major actors, as well as their roles and motivations, serves to explain phenomena such as the confusion between objective data and subjective perceptions or the lack of communication between parties, which as this study argues, underlies the idiosyncrasies and fragilities of Portugal's still relatively young democratic system.
Portugal made great efforts to tie its territories together, but the Luso-Brazilian empire eventually succumbed to revolution like its British, French and Spanish counterparts. This book reveals the ...links and relationships between Portugal and Brazil that survived the demise of empire and shaped the trajectories of the two countries.
Iberia stands at the center of key trends in Atlantic and world histories, largely because Portugal and Spain were the first European kingdoms to 'go global'. The Early Modern Hispanic World engages ...with new ways of thinking about the early modern Hispanic past, as a field of study that has grown exponentially in recent years. It focuses predominantly on questions of how people understood the rapidly changing world in which they lived - how they defined, visualized, and constructed communities from family and city to kingdom and empire. To do so, it incorporates voices from across the Hispanic World and across disciplines. The volume considers the dynamic relationships between circulation and fixedness, space and place, and how new methodologies are reshaping global history, and Spain's place in it.
In recent years there has been much interest in collective memory and commemoration. It is often assumed that when nations celebrate a historic day, they put aside the divisions of the present to ...recall the past in a spirit of unity. As Billig and Marinho show, this does not apply to the Portuguese parliament's annual celebration of 25 April 1974, the day when the dictatorship, established by Salazar and continued by Caetano, was finally overthrown. Most speakers at the ceremony say little about the actual events of the day itself; and in their speeches they continue with the partisan politics of the present as combatively as ever.
To understand this, the authors examine in detail how the members of parliament do politics within the ceremony of remembrance; how they engage in remembering and forgetting the great day; how they use the low rhetoric of manipulation and point-scoring, as well as high-minded political rhetoric. The book stresses that the members of the audience contribute to the meaning of the ceremony by their partisan displays of approval and disapproval. Throughout, the authors demonstrate that, to uncover the deeper meanings of political rhetoric, it is necessary to take note of significant absences.
The Politics and Rhetoric of Commemoration illustrates how an in-depth case-study can be invaluable for understanding wider processes. The authors are not content just to uncover unnoticed features of the Portuguese celebration. They use the particular example to provide original insights about the rhetoric of celebrating and the politics of remembering, as well as throwing new light onto the nature of party political discourse.
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