This paper presents the design of a low-power voltage reference, bias current and the supply voltage for a 9-bit fully differential ADC. The references, power supply circuits and the ADC are ...integrated in one circuit, i.e. chip. The proposed chip is implemented in the UMC 0.18 μm CMOS process and occupies 800×700 μm
2
. The circuit supply voltage VDD is obtained from the external RF signal. When the circuit is active VDD is used as a supply for the rest of the circuitry. The circuit generates supply, reference voltages and currents when VDD exceeds the upper voltage level V
HIGH
≈1.82 V. When VDD is lower than the lower voltage level V
LOW
≈1.35 V, the circuit is off. When the circuit is active, the current consumption is 22 μA. The presented results are based on measurements.
Wohin entwickelt sich die Konsumgesellschaft? Wie ändern sich die Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen der Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher? Zeichnet sich ein Wandel vom industriellen Massenkonsum zum ...individualisierten Digitalkonsum ab? Diesen Fragen widmete sich die dritte Jahrestagung des bundesweiten Netzwerks Verbraucherforschung, deren Ergebnisse der vorliegende Band dokumentiert. Tiefgreifende Transformationen in der Geschichte des Konsums, wie sie die Industrielle Revolution und die Digitalisierung darstellen, können nur durch disziplinübergreifende Forschungsanstrengungen verstanden werden. Neben den klassischen Fächern der Verbraucherwissenschaften wie Wirtschafts-, Rechts-, Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften kommen daher in diesem Band auch historiografische und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven zum Tragen. Die Veröffentlichung hat zum Ziel, den Austausch aktueller Ergebnisse der verbraucherbezogenen Forschung in Wissenschaft und Politik zu fördern und den Wissenstransfer zu stärken.
This study aims to examine the relationship between the energy consumption (EC) and economic growth (GDP) in the United Kingdom during the period between 1987 and 2007. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ...and Philips-Perron (PP) unit root tests, the Johansen Cointegration test and standard Granger causality test were applied to examine the relationship between EC and GDP. Since the analysis results indicated no cointegration relationship between the variables of EC and GDP, it was found that there is no long-term relationship between the variables; however, in the short run, there is a unidirectional causality relationship from GDP to EC.
The main purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore and productively overview the growing research field of demand forecasting in transport. In this analytic context, it seeks to describe, ...critically discuss and fruitfully elaborate on relevant mechanisms and models of demand forecasting, as well as on the particular development and implementation of systematic (or system-wide) approaches. The overview of various theoretical and methodological developments in current prediction models eventually advocates the use of consumer demand models (of dynamic character) to predict demand shares among alternative modes of transport.
Purpose: This paper re-investigates causality between military spending and economic growth by applying autoregressive distributed lag model or ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. ...Furthermore, rolling window approach (RWA) to cointegration is also applied to confirm the established long run relation between the variables. The VECM Granger causality is used to detect the direction of causality between military spending and economic growth. Our empirical exercise indicated long run relationship between military spending and economic growth as confirmed by rolling window approach. Moreover, negative unidirectional causality is found running from defense spending to economic growth. This paper opens up new sights for policy-making authorities to sustain economic growth by curtailing defense spending.
This study attempts to investigate the long-run Granger causality relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission and economic growth in India over the period 1971-2007. The ...augmented Dickey- Fuller test (ADF), Phillips-Perron test (PP) and KPSS test are used to test for Granger causality in cointegration models which take account of the stochastic properties of the variables. The most important result is that there is feedback causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in India which implies that the level of economic activity and energy consumption mutually influence each other; a high level of economic growth leads to a high level of energy consumption and vice versa. The value of the error correction term confirms the expected convergence process in the long-run for carbon emissions and growth in India which
Ovaj rad primjenjuje Campbellovu teoriju "kreativne" potrošnje (2005.) na suvremenu kulturu hrane. U njemu se tvrdi da se osim kuhanja i pripreme hrane i neki oblici vlastita uzgoja hrane mogu ...smatrati "kreativnom" potrošnjom hrane. Pokušavaju se zapravo utvrditi uvjeti i mogući motivi za obje vrste "kreativne" potrošnje hrane koji mogu rasvijetliti društvene, simboličke, izražajne i ekonomske posebnosti novih oblika bavljenja hranom i pomoći opisati kako se oni razlikuju od svojih tradicionalnih obrazaca. Naposljetku, ali ne i manje važno, u radu se tvrdi da nam u onoj mjeri u kojoj su kreativne aktivnosti po definiciji uvijek aktivnosti slobodna vremena, i primjena pojma "kreativne" potrošnje na kulturu hrane također može pružiti bolje razumijevanje kuhanja i vlastita uzgoja hrane kao aktivnosti slobodna vremena.
This paper investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Croatia for the period 1952-2010. Using Chow breakpoint test we identified a structural break in the ...year 1989. Therefore, we have conducted our analysis on two sub-samples. The first one refers to the period 1952-1989 while the second one refers to the period 1993-2010. The years between 1990 and 1992 have been omitted from the analysis due to massive damage to the Croatian economy caused by the war at that time. Our findings suggest that there is a bidirectional feedback in the short-run and that causality runs from energy consumption to economic growth in the long-run in the first sub-sample. At that time, especially in mid 1970s, Croatia became a medium developed industrial country with the industry sector as the biggest consumer of energy so energy consumption played an important role in the growth process. After the structural break, we found a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to energy consumption. In this case, energy conservation policies together with the establishment of a competitive energy market may be feasible with little or no detrimental side effects to economic growth and employment.
Aldous Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1932 while George Orwell wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four between 1945 and 1948. Aldous Huxley and George Orwell’s anti-utopian novels share many similar features and ...thanks to their prophecies of the future of society, they are regarded as dystopian novels par excellence. Huxley and Orwell understood the danger and influence of the mass media over people and marked this event in different ways. In Brave New World, the influence of the media over people was so corroding that citizens inadvertently used advertising sentences in their
speech. Orwell adopted the "telescreens" and drew attention to their obsessive presence in every citizen’s life in Oceania: there, people were obliged to listen carefully to the instructions coming out of the video. The paper does not only compare the fictional worlds of 1984 and Brave New
World, but also deals with consumption as a way of contemporary life and the influence of mass media on the development of consumer mentality. The paper is a verification of the hypothesis that mass media are the creators of utopian and magical reality associated with consumer goods for the purpose of strengthening capitalism and consumer society.
The paper examines the existence and the direction of causality between the oil consumption and the economic growth in small European countries over the period 1980-2007 for the developed countries ...and 1993-2007 for the transition countries. Our findings show that small European states can be divided into two groups. The first group is characterized by the causality running from real GDP to oil consumption and is composed of the most developed European countries and a number of transition countries. In the former case, the direction of causality is a consequence of a highly developed post-industrial society with a strong tertiary sector. In the case of transition economies the direction of causality can be related to deindustrialization process and transition depression that resulted in a sharp industrial decline and decreased industrial oil demand. The second group is characterized by the causality running from oil consumption to economic growth, in which case the state should employ additional resources in subsidizing oil prices and securing long term and stable oil sources for its economy. In such countries the reduction of oil consumption because of different reasons (external prices shocks, increased taxes on oil and its derivatives, restrictive ecological laws regarding CO
2
emission) could lead to a fall in economic growth.
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