In this study we explore effects of two distinct tax policies on innovation in a pure knowledge economy: an ‘IP box’ incentive and a (hypothetical) tax incentive on compensation earned by agents from ...profit sharing schemes (PSS). In contrast to the conventional assumption that firms decide on whether to innovate or not, we focus on a bottom-up innovation process (sometimes also called ‘bootleg innovation’), where firms set incentives to fulfill different tasks, but the final decision on whether to make the more innovative task is taken by an employee. We compare the two tax incentives under several distinct specifications demonstrating that the tax incentive on PSS can be a powerful mechanism fostering innovative activity and benefiting at the same time workers, firms and the economy as a whole. This study shows that the more critical for firms is attracting and motivating highly skilled workers, the larger the expected gain from employing the tax incentive on agents' compensation. We also find that the relative efficacy of this tax incentive is moderated by labor mobility and the extent of knowledge spillovers.
•We propose a novel tax incentive directed on profit sharing schemes (PSS).•This is compared to the standard ‘IP box’ incentive in a knowledge economy context.•We show that the PSS incentive benefits workers, firms and the economy as a whole.•Its effectiveness rises with the role of labor relative to capital investments.•Its relative efficacy is also moderated by labor mobility and knowledge spillovers.
•An integrated production-inventory model for a single manufacturer-multiple buyers.•Issue of profit division among the partners of a supply chain is discussed.•Four different models of profit ...sharing have been proposed.•Profit sharing based on Shapley function values turns to be fair and supportive.•GA and TLBO meta-heuristics have also been proposed.
This paper undertakes the study of an integrated production-inventory and pricing decision problem for a single manufacturer-multiple buyers supply chain where each buyer faces price-dependent demand. The item manufactured at a finite production rate is shipped to the buyers in multiple equal-sized shipments. Earlier researchers have not studied this problem for maximizing the overall supply chain profit and its allocation among the chain partners. For the allocation of the maximized profit, four different schemes are being proposed, each for a different level of understanding and faith among the partners. Demand, taken as price-sensitive, affects the costs to the manufacturer as the same is dependent upon the sales volume. Since the manufacturer fixes its sales price depending upon the sales volume affected cost, the volume will affect the buyer in terms of its unit purchase cost, and the holding cost which is charged as a percentage of the unit cost. This reality is attempted in this paper in addition to maximization of the chain profit and its allocation among the chain partners for integrated inventory management. Associated problems, formulated as mixed-integer non-linear programming problems, are computationally very hard, and thus evolutionary heuristics as Genetic Algorithm and Teaching-Learning Based Optimization are proposed. The strength of various proposed schemes for profit distributions has been analyzed using numerical experimentation. It is found that a forward contract between manufacturer and buyers will help to generate the maximum profit. It has also been shown that the distribution of profit based on Shapley function values is most fair and logical.
In Collective Courage, Jessica Gordon Nebhard chronicles African American cooperative
business ownership and its place in the movements for Black civil rights and economic
equality. Not since Du ...Bois’ 1907 Economic Cooperation among Negroes has there been
a full-length, nation-wide study of African American cooperatives. Collective Courage
extends that story into the twentieth century. Many of the players are well-known in
the history of the African American experience: W. E. B. Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph
and the Women’s Auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Nannie Helen
Burroughs, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Jo Baker, George Schuyler and the Young Negroes
Cooperative League, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. Adding the
cooperative movement to Black history provides a retelling of the African American
experience, with an increased understanding of African American collective economic
agency and grassroots economic organizing.
To tell the story, Gordon Nembhard pores over newspapers, period magazines and
journals; co-ops’ articles of incorporation, minutes from annual meetings, newsletters,
budgets and income statements; scholarly books, memoirs and biographies to reveal the
achievements and challenges of Black co-ops, collective economic action, and social
entrepreneurship. She also uses mixed methods economic analysis of quantitative and
qualitative data, theoretical analysis and applied theory to understand the effectiveness of
the particular practices and/or strategies documented. Themes of economic independence,
the critical role of women and youth in the African American cooperative movement, and
the use of cooperatives by Black organizations for community economic development
are interwoven into a linear treatment of the development of cooperatives among
African Americans in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Gordon Nembhard finds
that African Americans, as well as other people of color and low-income people, have
benefitted greatly from cooperative ownership and democratic economic participation
throughout the nation’s history.
How does the sharing economy affect the retail industry? This study investigates the impact of service sharing on the decisions and profits of two profit modes in the Online-to-Offline (O2O) retail ...market. We find that service sharing always improves the profit of the brand supplier as a service demander in both two profit modes, and improves the profit of the offline franchisee as a service provider in the profit-sharing mode under certain circumstances, but always reduces its profit in the non-profit-sharing mode. This is associated with the double marginalisation effect of the non-profit-sharing mode which leads to channel conflicts. Thus, a service-cost sharing mechanism is introduced to coordinate conflicts and achieve a win-win strategy, thereby improving the performance of the entire O2O supply chain.
•Non-profit-sharing mode is not a “true service sharing” but a free-riding behaviour.•Profit-sharing mode can achieve a win-win strategy by service sharing under certain conditions.•The brand supplier prefers to adopt the profit-sharing mode in most cases.•The choice of profit modes for the offline franchisee depends on related factors.•Service-cost sharing is an imperfect but effective coordination mechanism.
This study examines three methods of collaboration and profit-sharing for less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers. The collaboration methods are evaluated under the scenario that all participating ...carriers share some or all of their pickup and delivery jobs with a central authority who will assign jobs to carriers and determine optimal vehicle routes to maximize profit. The novelty of this work is that it allows carriers to retain some of their jobs. Collaboration Method 1 is a two-step approach where the first step involves the central authority determining the job allocation for the shared jobs and the vehicle routes for each carrier that includes their retained and allocated jobs to maximize total profit. The second step involves dividing the total profit among the carriers using a contribution-based profit-sharing model. Collaboration Method 2 is a one-step approach where the central authority simultaneously determines the job allocation and vehicle routes, and at the same time allocates profit to the carriers with fairness constraints included in the model. Collaboration Method 3 is also a two-step approach similar to Method 1, except that in the first step, the central authority determines the job allocation and vehicle routes for only the shared jobs (not including retained jobs). Mathematical models and solution algorithms based on large neighborhood search (LNS) are proposed for all three methods. The numerical experiments are conducted using hypothetical networks with up to 30 jobs and 3 carriers. Results indicate that on an average the total profit from Method 1 is 5.3% higher than that of Method 2 and 11.88% higher than that of Method 3. The total profit from Method 2 is 6.60% higher than that of Method 3.
In this paper, coordination of a manufacturer-retailer chain is investigated where the manufacturer innovates in manufacturing process and the retailer applies promotional efforts. The market demand ...is assumed to be stochastic dependent on the retailer's promotional and the manufacturer's innovation efforts. The retailer uses a periodic review inventory system for replenishing items and decides on order-up-to level, review period and promotional efforts level. On the other hand, it is possible for the manufacturer to boost the market demand by innovation in manufacturing process. The retailer's promotional and manufacturer's innovation efforts not only affect their profits, but also impress their mutual profits and the supply chain performance in an indirect manner. Firstly, we develop the decentralized and centralized decision-making models along with solution procedures and concavity analysis to solve the models. Although the centralized model improves the profitability of the whole supply chain, it may reduce the profitability of either the retailer or the manufacturer. Therefore, we propose a new compensation-based wholesale price contract for encouraging actors to take part in the joint decision-making scheme. Moreover, a profit sharing strategy based on the bargaining power of members is proposed for distributing the surplus profit between members. Finally, the results of the decentralized, centralized and coordination models are compared using test problems and some sensitivity analyses are presented.
•In this a manufacturer innovates manufacturing process and the retailer applies promotional efforts.•Demand is a function of retailer's promotional and manufacturer's innovation efforts.•Decentralized and centralized decision-making models are developed and solved.•A new compensation-based wholesale price contract takes part in the joint decision-making.•Profit sharing strategy based on the bargaining power of members is proposed and analyzed.
The objective of my research is to observe at the relationship between receivables, profit-sharing financing to total assets at BNI Syariah Bank from 2016-2020. Total assets in BNI Syariah frequently ...endure fluctuations in total assets each year, whether receivables and profit-sharing financing have a significant effect on variable Y (total assets). The method that researchers run is a quantitative method using the help of SPPS software, while the variables that influence are the dependent variable receivables and profit-sharing financing. The funding channelled by BNI Syariah is essentially the same as other Islamic banks in Indonesia. Because it still uses an agreement that has long practised in the Islamic banking system, such as the Murabaha contract for the provision of receivables, Mudharabah and Musyarakah contracts for profit sharing between customers and banks. The relationship between Receivables and Revenue Sharing Financing has a positive correlation between variables. This research can also provide some connection between Murabahah and Musharaka which are one of the main product sources of BNI Syariah bank. The originality of the research that the researcher makes is his own, it is not copied and that the researcher's research idea is new and can add new knowledge.
The Sriwijaya Air airline is collaborating with five strategic partners under the auspices of Garuda Indonesia. This was realized in the form of a joint operation carried out by PT Citilink Indonesia ...with PT Sriwijaya Air and PT NAM Air where the collaboration ended on 31 October 2019 and left a trail of debts and debts. The importance of paying more serious attention to the treatment and process of operational cooperation (Joint Operations), in order to realize good corporate governance from the process of inquiry in the implementation of a merger or acquisition which is referred to as due diligence. In this study, researchers used a qualitative phenomenological approach. Phenomenology is an approach that focuses more on the concept of a particular phenomenon and the form of the study is to see and understand the meaning of an experience related to a particular phenomenon. The two companies are cooperating in Non-Administrative joint operation or there are no separate business entities from the two companies. In practice, the joint operation organizes its own special bookkeeping. Project Owner Bill submitted and agreed by each member of the joint operation, for Commercial Invoice, Tax Invoice, and proof of income tax article 23 to be on behalf of the company of the party organizing the joint operation bookkeeping. Along with the fulfillment of its VAT obligations, it is the responsibility of the party organizing the joint operation books.
We study a coordination contract for a supplier–retailer channel producing and selling a fashionable product exhibiting a stochastic price-dependent demand. The product’s selling season is short, and ...the supply chain faces great demand uncertainty. We consider a scenario where the supplier reserves production capacity for the retailer in advance, and permits the retailer to place an order not exceeding the reserved capacity after a demand information update during a leadtime. We formulate a two-stage optimization problem in which the supplier decides the amount of capacity reservation in the first stage, and the retailer determines the order quantity and the retail price after observing the demand information in the second stage. We propose a three-parameter risk and profit sharing contract that coordinates the supply chain. The proposed contract permits any agreed-upon division of the supply-chain profit between the channel members.
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