The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) represent major dimensional frameworks proposing two alternative approaches to accelerate progress in the ...way psychopathology is studied, classified, and treated. RDoC is a research framework rooted in neuroscience aiming to further the understanding of transdiagnostic biobehavioral systems underlying psychopathology and ultimately inform future classifications. HiTOP is a dimensional classification system, derived from the observed covariation among symptoms of psychopathology and maladaptive traits, which seeks to provide more informative research and treatment targets (i.e., dimensional constructs and clinical assessments) than traditional diagnostic categories. This article argues that the complementary strengths of RDoC and HiTOP can be leveraged in order to achieve their respective goals. RDoC's biobehavioral framework may help elucidate the underpinnings of the clinical dimensions included in HiTOP, whereas HiTOP may provide psychometrically robust clinical targets for RDoC-informed research. We present a comprehensive mapping between dimensions included in RDoC (constructs and subconstructs) and HiTOP (spectra and subfactors) based on narrative review of the empirical literature. The resulting RDoC-HiTOP interface sheds light on the biobehavioral correlates of clinical dimensions and provides a broad set of dimensional clinical targets for etiological and neuroscientific research. We conclude with future directions and practical recommendations for using this interface to advance clinical neuroscience and psychiatric nosology. Ultimately, we envision that this RDoC-HiTOP interface has the potential to inform the development of a unified, dimensional, and biobehaviorally-grounded psychiatric nosology.
•This article provides a narrative review outlining an interface connecting RDoC and HiTOP dimensions.•RDoC provides a solid transdiagnostic framework for elucidating the underpinnings of HiTOP dimensions.•HiTOP may aid RDoC-informed research by providing psychometrically robust clinical targets.•Leveraging the complementary strengths of RDoC and HiTOP may advance clinical neuroscience and psychopathology research.•This interface may facilitate the development of future biobehaviorally-grounded classifications of psychopathology.
Heterogeneity within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is recognized as a challenge to both biological and psychological research, as well as clinical practice. To reduce unexplained heterogeneity, ...subtyping techniques are often used to establish more homogeneous subtypes based on metrics of similarity and dissimilarity between people. We review the ASD literature to create a systematic overview of the subtyping procedures and subtype validation techniques that are used in this field. We conducted a systematic review of 156 articles (2001-June 2020) that subtyped participants (range N of studies = 17–20,658), of which some or all had an ASD diagnosis. We found a large diversity in (parametric and non-parametric) methods and (biological, psychological, demographic) variables used to establish subtypes. The majority of studies validated their subtype results using variables that were measured concurrently, but were not included in the subtyping procedure. Other investigations into subtypes' validity were rarer. In order to advance clinical research and the theoretical and clinical usefulness of identified subtypes, we propose a structured approach and present the SUbtyping VAlidation Checklist (SUVAC), a checklist for validating subtyping results.
•Undetected subtypes obstruct discovery of biomarkers, prognoses, and interventions.•We review 156 articles on autism that have sought to discover latent subtypes.•We specifically focus on the validation strategies employed.•Subtypes are validated mainly by comparing them on additional variables.•We provide a checklist for validating psychiatric subtypes.
Mental health consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant and postpartum women are poorly understood in low and lower-middle-income countries (LLMIC). We systematically reviewed ...the evidence from 24 studies (1990—2017) selected via a comprehensive search strategy with 14 inclusion, exclusion, and quality-control criteria to assess the extent to which intimate partner violence during pregnancy adversely affects perinatal mental disorders among participants in 10 LLMIC across 4 economic regions. Mostly cross-sectional, studies included 61—1369 participants selected randomly (88%) or non-randomly (12%) from purposively selected 1—6 clinics or 1—50 communities. Multivariate logistic regression was most frequently used (68%) for association estimates, adjusting for 3—16 socio-demographic variables pertinent to: women; husbands; and/or households. The prevalence of physical IPV ranged 2—35% among participants; sexual IPV ranged 9—40%; and psychological IPV ranged 22—65%. The prevalence of antenatal and postnatal depression ranged 15—65% and 5—35% among participants, respectively. Suicidal ideation ranged 5—11% during pregnancy and 2—22% during the postpartum period. Study participants who had experienced IPV had 1.69—3.76 and 1.46—7.04 higher odds of antenatal and postnatal depression compared to those who had not, depending on country, and IPV type and severity. Considering the strong association between IPV and mental disorders, efforts should focus on developing IPV interventions aimed at preventing pregnancy during IPV and promoting mental health resilience among pregnancy and postpartum women in low and lower-middle-income countries.
•We reviewed 24 studies (1990–2017) selected via 14 criteria to assess effects of IPV during pregnancy on perinatal mental disorders in 10 LLMIC.•The prevalence of physical IPV ranged 2–35% in participants across LLMIC; sexual IPV ranged 9–40%; and psychological IPV ranged 22–65%.•Depression ranged 15–65% during pregnancy and 5–35% during the postpartum period.•Suicidal ideation ranged 5–11% during pregnancy and 2–22% during the postpartum period.•Pregnancy IPV increases odds of ante- and postnatal depression by 1.69–3.76 and 1.46–7.04, respectively, depending on IPV type and severity.
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual ...difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Considerable work has advanced understanding of the nature, causes, management, and prevention of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents over the past 30 years. Prior to this time the primary ...focus was on school refusal and specific phobias. It is now recognised that children and adolescents experience the full gamut of anxiety disorders in very similar ways to adults and that anxiety disorders in the paediatric years can predict a lifelong mental-health struggle. Given the vast array of specific studies in this field, the current review summarises current knowledge about these high prevalence disorders, points to overarching limitations, and suggests potentially important future directions. Following a brief historical overview, the review summarises knowledge about demographic and epidemiological characteristics, distal and proximal risk factors, current treatment directions, and prevention. There is still a great deal to learn about the causes and treatments of child and adolescent anxiety disorders. By amalgamating our current knowledge, this review provides a window to the research directions that are likely to lead to future advances.
•Anxiety disorders are the most common form of paediatric mental disorder.•Both distal and proximal risk factors predict the onset of paediatric anxiety disorders.•Extensive research demonstrates strong outcomes from CBT treatments.•A smaller evidence base also shows good efficacy from pharmacological treatments.•The potential for early intervention can reduce the lifelong impact of these disorders.
Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs), including nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and suicide death exhibit substantial sex differences. Across most countries, ...men die by suicide more frequently than women; yet, women think about and attempt suicide more frequently than men. Research on sex differences in nonsuicidal self-injury is less developed; however, nonsuicidal self-injury is historically understood as a primarily female phenomenon. This review describes current research on sex differences across SITBs with a focus on factors that moderate these effects, such as age, race, geographic region, and time. Additionally, this review describes factors that may help to explain why sex differences across SITBs exist, including differences in culture, access to lethal suicide methods, rates of mental illness, and utilization of health care. The role of gender, and particularly non-binary gender, is also discussed. Current understanding of these sex differences is described with an eye toward future research on this topic.
•Sex differences in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) are extensive.•However, sex differences in one form of SITB, nonsuicidal self-injury, are less clear.•Age, race, region, and time moderate, but do not erase, sex differences in SITBs.•Access to lethal methods, culture, and mental illness may impact sex differences.•Gender, and particularly non-binary gender, also appear to impact SITB engagement.
Resumen Antecedentes En Chile, la prevalencia del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) se estima en un 10%. Frente a esta realidad, las políticas públicas promueven la ...detección oportuna de esta condición, suscitándose sin embargo problemas de sobre y sub-diagnóstico atribuibles a la falta de escalas actualizadas. Objetivo El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Conners-3 en su forma abreviada de auto-reporte en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Método Se aplicó el Conners-3, y una medida de validez convergente (BRIEF-2), a una muestra no probabilística (n = 265) de estudiantes de enseñanza básica y media (8-18 años). Se efectuó un análisis de la correlación ítem-test e inter-escalar, seguido de un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), finalizando con un análisis de consistencia interna. Resultados Todos los ítems presentaron una correlación ítem-escala aceptable. La estructura interna de cinco factores del AFC coincide con la original, las cuales además presentaron una consistencia interna aceptable y evidencia de validez convergente así como divergente. Conclusiones La escala Conners-3 presenta propiedades psicométricas aceptables para ser usada en la fase de detección del TDAH, recomendándose su uso como parte de una evaluación integral que incorpore otros métodos de evaluación.
Resumen En la Psicoterapia Gestalt, los asuntos inconclusos son concebidos como un conjunto de experiencias del pasado que interrumpen el presente con el fin de lograr su cierre o culminación. Se ...buscó desarrollar la Escala de Asuntos Inconclusos y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento fue administrado a 247 universitarios de Lima, de ambos sexos y de edades entre 18 a 30 años. Como evidencias de validez se reportan las de contenido, estructura interna y relación con otras variables. Los jueces opinaron que el instrumento mide asuntos inconclusos y contribuyeron a precisar los ítems. El análisis factorial confirmatorio halló excelentes valores de ajuste para un modelo unidimensional de siete ítems, el cual se relaciona de manera directa con conductas rumiativas (reproches y reflexión) e inversa con satisfacción con la vida. Asimismo, se encontró un nivel adecuado de confiablidad por consistencia interna. Se discute el valor teórico de los hallazgos, se reconocen las limitaciones y se recomienda el uso del instrumento en investigaciones y en la práctica profesional.
Resumen La investigación del proceso de cambio en psicoterapia es el estudio de los procesos por los cuales ocurre el cambio en psicoterapia. Siendo la depresión una problemática con altas ...prevalencias y diversas complicaciones, es una tarea ineludible de los clínicos poder entender cómo ocurre el proceso de cambio en pacientes con este diagnóstico. Por ello, este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura, para explorar y analizar la investigación empírica del proceso de cambio en psicoterapia individual en la adultez en pacientes con depresión, en los últimos diez años. La revisión se realizó en las bases de datos Web of Science, APA PsycNet, PubMed y EBSCO, siguiendo los lineamientos que señala la metodología PRISMA. Luego del proceso de tamizaje y revisión, se seleccionaron y analizaron 39 artículos. Se aprecia una clara tendencia a la utilización de metodologías mixtas de investigación, es decir, cualitativas y cuantitativas, con diseños longitudinales en casi la totalidad de estudios y una amplia gama de instrumentos para la recolección de datos. Los resultados sugieren que el proceso de cambio suele seguir un desarrollo no lineal, originando comúnmente cambios positivos profundos en áreas diversas y con trayectorias que tienden a patrones comunes.
Resumen Antecedentes existe una relación entre el uso de Instagram y diferentes influencias e interacciones con el bienestar y salud mental de este grupo etario. Objetivo Reconstruir las ...representaciones sociales acerca de la red social Instagram de adultos emergentes con diferentes niveles de bienestar psicológico y autoestima corporal. Método redes semánticas naturales y entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron aplicadas a N=12 adultos emergentes (19 - 27 años) divididos en dos grupos según sus niveles de autoestima corporal y bienestar psicológico. El análisis de datos estuvo basado en análisis de redes semánticas naturales y algunos procedimientos de codificación teórica. Resultados se muestra la presencia del concepto de “acoso” como núcleo central de la representación social de Instagram en el grupo con baja autoestima corporal y bajo bienestar psicológico, a diferencia del grupo con alta autoestima corporal y alto bienestar psicológico en donde el núcleo central fue “red social”. Conclusiones en los grupos estudiados, se encontraron dos representaciones sociales diferentes respecto de Instagram. Estos resultados pueden ser relevantes para aportar a llenar el vacío de conocimiento sobre los significados subjetivos colectivos de los adultos emergentes, teniendo implicancias en la mejor comprensión de las diversas formas de relación que establecen con esta y otras redes sociales.
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