The features of knowledge and technology as factors of modern economic development have been analyzed, as well as their essential characteristics in the public goods theory. It has been proven that ...knowledge and the results of fundamental scientific research are characterized by the properties of non-competitiveness and indivisibility in consumption, as their consumption by one subject does not reduce their consumption by others. It is substantiated that knowledge of applied nature and the results of applied research lose the properties of public goods due to the recording of intellectual property rights. The expenditure budget on scientific research in some countries has been analyzed. It has been found out that constant reduction of the R&D expenditures share in the GDP and significant reduction of fundamental research funding preserves Ukraine’s scientific and technological lag behind the world’s leading countries and makes rapid technological renewal of the domestic economy impossible. It has been found out that economic entities receive the innovation rent at the first lifecycle phase of the technology, given the existence of a mechanism for patenting research and development results and the monopoly rights of the owners of new technologies for their exclusive use. However, the monopoly on new technologies is not an absolute one due to the threat of information leakage in the process of interaction with potential buyers and copying or imitation of new products or new processes at the stage of getting them into actual practical use. It has also been proven that at the accelerated diffusion phase, such technologies acquire the features of a mixed public good.
The current research work summarizes some previous research works on horizontally curved beams. Because of curvature, torsional effects in the analysis and design should be included. Diameter of ring ...beam, number of supports, beam width, compressive strength of the concrete, and bearing plate width. Which can be summarized from previous studies is that increasing diameter of ring by about 25-75% decreases the capacity load by about 14-36%, while increasing number of supports by about 33-100%, beam width by about 25-75%, compressive strength of concrete by about 24-76%, and bearing plate width by about 25-75% increases the capacity load by about 62-189%, 25-75%, 24-76%, and 5-16%, respectively due to the beam section increase and/or its properties. Frequently, reinforced concrete deep ring beams exhibit shear failure in a manner similar to straight beams. Strut and tie model (STM) and plastic analysis are useful tools for efficiently analyzing ring or curved deep beams. In addition, the nonlinear three-dimensional finite element modeling is typical for predicting the deep curved beams strength and behavior.
Power systems can be affected by unpredicted and unavoidable faults and failures, making security assessment an important challenge, which requires significant research works. An overview of this ...critical area, as presented here, shows that the security assessment has transformed from a deterministic to risk‐based methods, with two broad categories, risk assessment and risk identification. First, a detailed discussion of risk assessment is given to summarise different methods to solve the problems of equipment failure probability model, scenarios formation, and severity assessment. Further, comprehensive survey and prospect for risk identification are provided as a roadmap to determine the risk source directly. Risk identification techniques such as tracking method, sensitivity analysis, and risk source identification help operators to take effectively preventive action and restore system security.
The aim of the article is analyzing the patterns and trends prevailing in the scientific sphere of Ukraine to identify the main problems in its development. As a result of the study, the main ...regularities and trends in the development of science in Ukraine are determined. It is proved that the development of science in Ukraine is contradicting the global trends. The main indicators characterizing the state of scientific development of the country, namely the changes in the number of scientific institutions; number of researchers; qualitative composition of researchers; distribution of funding for scientific and technological works; structure of sources of funding scientific and technological works; structure of expenditures on the implementation of scientific and technological works; share of scientific and technological works in GDP; number of scientific and technological works, applications and patents for inventions; number of innovatively active industrial enterprises, including those that provide funding for research and development. The study made it possible to identify the main problems in the development of the science sector and suggest directions for their solving. Prospects for further research in this area are the justification of specific measures for steering the domestic scientific sphere out of the crisis and the elaboration of recommendations on the formation of a strategy for the development of scientific and technological activities.
El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar las capacidades y dificultades que muestran los bachilleres (18 años) en la competencia de indagación. Para analizar las características de la ...competencia de indagación se ha diseñado un instrumento de evaluación, el NPTAI, inspirado en las rubricas del Practical Test Assessment Inventory propuesto por Tamir, Nussinovitz y Friedler. Se ha aplicado al análisis de los trabajos de investigación autónoma realizados por un grupo de alumnos de bachillerato científico y ha permitido determinar en qué procesos muestran mayores dificultades. La recodificación de los resultados obtenidos con el NPTAI ha permitido establecer una escala ordinal de niveles de competencia de indagación de los bachilleres o NCI.
Debates about open-access scholarly publishing often focus on the costs of scholarship, whether costs incurred by publishers in producing books and journals or costs faced by libraries in acquiring ...those publications. Taking those costs as the centre of such discussions often results in an impasse, as the financial realities of publishing—particularly within disciplines that are less well-funded than STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics)—seem to present an insurmountable obstacle to greater openness. What if, however, we were to refocus the discussion on values rather than costs? How might such a shift in focus lead us to think differently about the motives and benefits involved in scholarly communication, and how might this lead us to recognize the generosity that keeps the engine running?
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