This article introduces the theoretical approaches of contact, group conflict, and symbolic prejudice to explain levels of exclusionary feelings toward a relatively new minority in the West European ...context, the immigrant. The findings indicate that even after controls for perceived threat are included in the model, intimate contact with members of minority groups in the form of friendships can reduce levels of willingness to expel legal immigrants from the country. A contextual variable, level of immigration to the country, is also introduced into the model because it is likely that this variable affects both threat perception and exclusionary feelings. While context does not seem to directly affect levels of willingness to expel or include immigrants in the society, it does have a rather powerful impact on perceived threat. Perhaps even more importantly, the findings suggest that contact mediates the effect of the environment, helping to produce lower levels of threat perception in contexts of high immigration.
Many authors have created different tools to measure or estimate organisational culture. Among the possibilities, they emphasize the use of organisational values. One of the most well-known values ...classifications is Rokeach's (1973) terminal and instrumental values. Although this classification has been developed more than 40 years ago, the theory is still a basis for many modern studies. The aim of our study is to find out whether Rokeach's values are still valid and relevant in modern organisational cultures or not. Almost 150 representatives of Estonian organisations were questioned in order to find out which Rokeach's values they perceive to be in use in their organisations. According to the results, general ethical values as instrumental values were named least frequently and just one of the terminal values was not named at all--salvation. Rokeach's values lists are not sufficiently relevant enough today to measure and describe the wide and colorful variety of values.
In this article we review research relevant to Rokeach's (1973) suggestion that, by appealing to socially shared conceptions of what is good, people may use values to ego defensively rationalize or ...justify their attitudes. In line with this value justification hypothesis, research suggests that, although attitudes may originally stem from the relative importance that people ascribe to various values, once formed, attitudes may well produce self‐serving biases that affect both the values that people deem relevant to an issue and the complexity or open‐mindedness of their reasoning about an issue. In addition, just as people may appeal to values to justify their attitudes toward social issues such as nuclear weaponry or abortion, data suggest that people may exaggerate perceptions of intergroup value differences in an effort to rationalize prejudicial intergroup attitudes and justify discrimination. Aspects of the ego defensive use of values that merit elaboration and have yet to be addressed, as well as the more general implications of a functional approach to the study of values, are discussed.
As science, one could say that general semantics is essentially inductive; that might be even more meaningful and would be in keeping with its non-Aristotelian motivations. Authoritarianism, on the ...other hand, is built into a major contribution of Aristotle's, the syllogism. Here, Brooks discusses general semantics and the rhetoric of authoritarianism.
Milton Rokeach, one of the great twentieth-century social scientists, was very influenced by Abraham Maslow as an undergraduate, & went to the U of California, Berkeley, for graduate studies. During ...the course of his career at Michigan State U, he produced voluminous & highly original research. Rokeach's publications are described, along with his research methods. His many contributions to, & achievements in, the field of social psychology are also identified. C. Grindle
Social scientist Milton Rokeach died recently at age 69. Rokeach, who was born in Poland and was a student of Abraham Maslow, is best known for his book "Open and Closed Mind."
Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that ...cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society-Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist-leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory.
Milton Rokeach's (1973) theory of human values is used to explain seeming paradoxes in US attitudes about race & equality. During the 1970s, Americans seemed to increasingly support racial ...integration, but not policies to achieve it, making it difficult to gauge public sentiment & predict future behavior. Such inconsistency is argued to be inherent to attitude systems due to the large number of attitudes & their lack of centrality to a person's belief system. Rokeach's theory places values closer than attitudes to the center of belief systems, arguing that values are more general, enduring standards by which people make evaluations. Individuals & cultures vary not so much in the values they hold, but in the relative priority they assign to them. It is argued that this conception permits more accurate prediction of race-related behavior. 20 References. Adapted from the source document.
Self‐confrontation theory is a cognitive‐consistency‐based model of behavioral and cognitive change developed by Milton Rokeach. The theoretical origins and major concepts of self‐confrontation ...theory are elaborated, along with a review of experimental tests and evidence supporting the theory. The sociological relevance of self‐confrontation theory and research is discussed.
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