This paper explores the centrality of heritage-based cultural activity to sustainable development, within the frame of the Faro Convention on the ‘Value of Cultural Heritage for Society’. It offers ...examples from France and the Balkans of successful ways to interweave heritage and culture into place-based and landscape-sensitive strategies for social sustainability
Ugledni mislitelji hermeneutičke filozofije Wilhelm Dilthey i Hans-Georg Gadamer okarakterizirali su Matiju Vlačića Ilirika kao klasika hermeneutičkog pristupa filozofiji. Taj sud dodatno dobiva na ...snazi jer su Dithey i Gadamer okarakterizirani kao pristaše relativističke hermeneutike, dok je Vlačić inzistirao na adekvatnom razumijevanju i interpretiranju teksta. Uzevši u obzir da je za Vlačića ključno pravilo bilo da tekst treba tumačiti sukladno njegovu imanentnom smislu, razradio je dvije interpretacijske maksime, skop i hermeneutički krug, presudne za daljnji razvoj i konstituiranje hermeneutike kao metode razumijevanja, dok ga se po našemu sudu istodobno može smatrati i anticipatorom načela blagonaklonosti. Za objašnjenje složenog hermeneutičkog odnosa cjeline i dijelova teksta, Vlačić je kombinirao induktivno-sintetičku i deduktivnu metodu. Taj odnos predstavlja zahtjevan proces provedbe hermeneutičkog kruga u kojem je na djelu primjena modela koherentnosti istine u heurističkom postupku razumijevanja. Drugim riječima, radi se o postupnoj rekonstrukciji smisla teksta. Tijekom tog eksplanativnoga procesa postaje razvidno da je značenje pojedinih dijelova i manjih tematskih cjelina razumljivo tek iz strukture i kompozicije cjeline teksta i da postupna induktivno-sintetička rekonstrukcija smisla teksta pretpostavlja primjenu deduktivne analize. Nadalje, u heurističkom procesu iščitavanja teksta nužno je provjeriti kako se konzistentnost pojedinih odlomaka i cjelina teksta koherentno uklapa u širu cjelinu, a interpretacijske maksime, skop i hermeneutički krug, pritom se ispostavljaju kao pouzdan organon u heurističkom procesu razumijevanja i objašnjenja teksta. U tom kontekstu je Vlačićev hermeneutički zahtjev za adekvatnom rekonstrukcijom smisla usporediv s načelom blagonaklonosti kako ga razumijeva Donald Davidson, postavljajući ga za jedan od osnovnih pojmove svoje filozofije. Naime Vlačić polazi od pretpostavke razložnosti govora i argumentacije, što podrazumijeva mogućnost hermeneutičke rekonstrukcije teksta i njegovog adekvatnog razumijevanja. Davidson je također, pomoću teorije triangulacije, pokušao pokazati kako objektivni svijet u jeziku komunikacije postaje intersubjektivni svijet razumijevanja i uvažavanja, čime zapravo želi pokazati da je naše razumijevanje izvanjskog svijeta uvjetovano zajedničkim sustavom znanja i modelom komuniciranja koji nikada ne može imati individualistička obilježja jer, jednostavno, participiramo u zajedničkom svijetu. Davidsonov koncept triangulacije na novi način je obilježio model hermeneutičke čestitosti koji je već zagovarao predstavnik prosvjetiteljske hermeneutike Georg Friedrich Meier. S obzirom na to da se problem antirealističkog pristupa ne može riješiti pozivanjem na kruti hermeneutički realizam ili objektivizam, ono što tekstom želimo pokazati jest da bi hermeneutiku, za razliku od npr. Rortyja, trebalo shvatiti kao interpretacijski konsenzus struke koji je uspostavljen u okvirima akademske zajednice. To je u skladu sa stavovima Paula Lorenzena, kojeg je u, pogledu akademskog konsenzusa s obzirom na interpretativnost, slijedio i Jürgen Habermas u izradi svoje teorije komunikativnog djelovanja.
Dilthey and Gadamer characterized Matthias Flacius Illyricus as a classic example of the hermeneutic approach to philosophy. Taking into consideration the fact that, for Flacius, the key rule was that the text should be interpreted in accordance with its immanent meaning, he developed two interpretive maxims, scope and the hermeneutic circle, that are crucial for the further development and constitution of hermeneutics as a method of understanding. He can also be considered an anticipator of the charity principle. Flacius combined the inductive-synthetic and deductive-analytical methods to explain the complex hermeneutic relationship between the text as a whole and parts of the text. This relationship represents the demanding process of implementing the hermeneutic circle in which the application of a model of coherence of truth is at work in the heuristic process of understanding. In other words, we are dealing with a gradual reconstruction of the meaning of the text. During this explanatory process, it becomes clear that the meaning of individual parts and smaller thematic units is understandable only from the structure and composition of the whole text and that the gradual inductive-synthetic reconstruction of the meaning of the text presupposes the application of the deductive-analytical method. Furthermore, in the heuristic process of reading the text, it is necessary to check in which way the individual passages fit into the broader entirety of the text to constitute a coherent and internally consistent whole. The interpretive maxims, scope and the hermeneutic circle, are established as a reliable organon in the heuristic process of understanding and explaining the text. In this context, Flacius’ hermeneutic demand for an adequate reconstruction of meaning can be easily compared to the charity principle as it is understood by Donald Davidson, taking it to be one of the basic notions of his philosophy. Namely, Flacius starts from the assumption of the reasonableness of speech and argumentation, which implies the possibility of a hermeneutic reconstruction of the text and its adequate understanding. Davidson also tried to show, using triangulation, how the objective world becomes an intersubjective world of understanding and appreciation through the language of communication. This in turn means that our understanding of the outside world is conditioned by a shared system of knowledge and communication that can never be individualistic because we participate in a common world. Davidson’s concept of triangulation marked the model of hermeneutic chastity, which was already described by the representative of enlightenment hermeneutics Georg Friedrich Meier, in a new way. Given that the problem of the anti-realist approach cannot be solved by invoking rigid hermeneutic realism or objectivism, what we want to show in the text is that hermeneutics should be understood, contrary to Rorty, as an interpretive consensus of experts established within the academic community. This goes in hand with Paul Lorenzen and his attitudes about the consensus of experts. Lorenzen was later followed by Jürgen Habermas, especially in terms of interpretability, while elaborating on his theories of communicative action.
The conditions of hydrolysis of ‘skop’ (short fiber waste material from the paper industry) and cellolignin (waste of industrial furfural production) by the cellulase system from
Penicillium sp. in a ...batch reactor have been evaluated. The optimal conditions were: enzyme (filter paper activity) — 1·7 U/ml, skop — 100 g/l, cellolignin — 150 g/l, pH 4·5, temperature 50°C. Agitation was essential for cellolignin but not essential for skop hydrolysis.
Studies of fed-batch process of saccharification of both substrates by three cellulase preparations (from
Penicillium sp.,
Trichoderma reesei and combined preparations of
T. reesei and
Aspergillus foetidus) have shown that the highest saccharification activity was demonstrated by
Penicillium cellulase.
Penicillium cellulase was able to hydrolyze, during 48 h, three portions of skop or cellolignin with a degree of cellulose conversion to glucose of 68–84% and final glucose concentrations of 93–98 g/l. The use of fed-batch saccharification decreased consumption of enzyme and increased the final glucose concentration compared to batch hydrolysis.
The role of different factors in decreased rate of skop and cellolignin hydrolysis by
Penicillium cellulase in the course of reaction has been evaluated. The main factors influencing the efficiency of saccharification were decrease of skop and cellolignin reactivity during hydrolysis and inhibition of enzymes by glucose and cellobiose.
Relacja mówiona zarejestrowana w ramach Programu Historia Mówiona realizowanego w Ośrodku "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" (www.historiamowiona.teatrnn.pl). Wyraża ona wyłącznie subiektywne wspomnienia i ...poglądy świadka historii, które nie mogą być utożsamiane z oficjalnym stanowiskiem Ośrodka.
While Skop's treaty is arguably moderate in its demands, some workplaces have been reluctant to sign it. "CEOs do not refuse outright. Instead, I getto hear hesitation and excuses, such as, Tm a new ...manager and I have to study the organization better,' or 'I need some time to think about it,'" she says. Udi Ortel, general manager at Magic Software Enterprises, the first company to sign Skop's treaty, doesn't understand such reservations. "The treaty is reasonable," he explains. "It looks to resolve a problem but does not resort to threats. Even if one is able to follow 60 to 80 percent of its principles, it is still great." So, will the Skop treaty be able to bring about some remarkable change in women's positions in the hi-tech industry? "It all depends on how the treaty is marketed and branded. Its timing is excellent, since we're in a critical period of a great shortage of employees. Skop must present the treaty as a benefit to attract potential employees," concludes Dorit Lewy.
Fotografia wykonana podczas próby do spektaklu "Nie nam lecieć na wyspy szczęśliwe". Od lewej stoją: Jacek Brzeziński, Sławomir Skop, Andrzej Mathiasz, Janusz Opryński, Jacek Łupina.
La serie de publicaciones, Xi Jinping: La gobernación y administración de China, ha desarrollado un importante papel para el estudio y la comprensión del pensamiento de Xi Jinping sobre el socialismo ...con peculiaridades chinas de la nueva era y supone una gran contribución a la comunidad internacional para que conozca la China contemporánea y el Partido Comunista de China. Por ello, la calidad de su traducción, a numerosos idiomas, tiene enormes impactos y juega un papel clave de poder o no, contar bien lo que ocurre en China y transmitir bien la voz de China. El uso de los diferentes tipos de metáforas ha sido una característica distintiva en los discursos del presidente Xi Jinping. Sin embargo, algunas metáforas, con características chinas o fondos culturales peculiares, serían difíciles de comprender para los lectores extranjeros debido a las disparidades culturales. Por lo tanto, las estrategias de la traducción de metáforas, que desempeñan un papel fundamental en el intercambio intercultural, serían bastante esenciales para eliminar los obstáculos de entendimiento. En este trabajo, bajo la teoría del Skopos, hacemos una comparación entre las traducciones de metáforas al español y al inglés analizando sus respectivas fortalezas y debilidades, con el propósito de ofrecer algunos consejos útiles para el mejoramiento de las versiones en español e inglés, así como para la traducción de metáforas en los discursos políticos.
