This book tells the story of Ebenezer, a frontier community in colonial Georgia founded by a mountain community fleeing religious persecution in its native Salzburg. This study traces the lives of ...the settlers from the alpine world they left behind to their struggle for survival on the southern frontier of British America. Exploring their encounters with African and indigenous peoples with whom they had had no previous contact, this book examines their initial opposition to slavery and why they ultimately embraced it. Transatlantic in scope, this study will interest readers of European and American history alike.
Freed documents the network of marriage practices among ministerials in the archdiocese of Salzburg and in the process reconstructs an important and previously unexplored chapter in the rise of the ...German principalities.
Freed documents the network of marriage practices among ministerials in the archdiocese of Salzburg and in the process reconstructs an important and previously unexplored chapter in the rise of the ...German principalities.
As the Habsburg Monarchy ended in fall 1918, the Salzburg Social Democratic Workers’ Party almost never mentioned the word revolution in association with Austria or Salzburg. Yet in later years it ...would organize celebratory demonstrations for the anniversary of the revolution. This article examines this change in attitude and addresses the idea of a revolution in Salzburg. In addition to the specific Austrian, regional, and local Salzburg contexts, the article confronts the central power of the word revolution: its ability to both legitimize and delegitimize political and social change. The research is based primarily upon three Salzburg newspapers, which each corresponded to a major political party of the time, as well as the stenographic protocols of the local government.
Hieronymus Colloredo (1732–1812) was Salzburg's Prince Archbishop between 1772 and 1803. He corresponded with his brother, the imperial vice-chancellor Gundaker Collordo (1731–1807). A total of 655 ...letters have been preserved, most of them from the years 1790 to 1800.
Der letzte Salzburger Fürsterzbischof Hieronymus Colloredo (1732–1812) führte mit seinem Bruder, dem Reichsvizekanzler Gundaker Colloredo (1731–1807), eine Korrespondenz, von der insgesamt 655 Briefe überliefert sind. Die meisten davon stammen aus den Jahren 1790 bis 1800. In der vorliegenden Edition sind die Briefe historisch-kritisch aufbereitet.
The present book about Salzburg is volume 6 of an encyclopedic reference work that, as a result of basic research in literary studies, represents the first systematic attempt towards a comprehensive ...documentation of the literary life of Austria during the Nazi era. From its methodological approach, it is intended to make the literary events that took place within the official system of the Third Reich as promoted, or at least tolerated, by the decicionmakers in the cultural industry more accessible, without resorting to limiting, biased attemps to define a canon.
Band 6 Salzburg setzt die flächendeckende Bestandsaufnahme des literarischen Lebens in Österreich während des Ntionalsozialismus fort. Das methodische Anliegen, ein „literarisches Feld“ (P. Bourdieu) des deutschen Sprachraums lexikalisch aufzuschließen, wird in einem neuen Typus von Handbuch umgesetzt, einer spezifischen vernetzenden Kombination von Personen- und Institutionenlexikon.
This study suggests a stochastic Bayesian approach for calibrating and validating morphodynamic sediment transport models and for quantifying parametric uncertainties in order to alleviate ...limitations of conventional (manual, deterministic) calibration procedures. The applicability of our method is shown for a large‐scale (11.0 km) and time‐demanding (9.14 hr for the period 2002–2013) 2‐D morphodynamic sediment transport model of the Lower River Salzach and for three most sensitive input parameters (critical Shields parameter, grain roughness, and grain size distribution). Since Bayesian methods require a significant number of simulation runs, this work proposes to construct a surrogate model, here with the arbitrary polynomial chaos technique. The surrogate model is constructed from a limited set of runs (n=20) of the full complex sediment transport model. Then, Monte Carlo‐based techniques for Bayesian calibration are used with the surrogate model (105 realizations in 4 hr). The results demonstrate that following Bayesian principles and iterative Bayesian updating of the surrogate model (10 iterations) enables to identify the most probable ranges of the three calibration parameters. Model verification based on the maximum a posteriori parameter combination indicates that the surrogate model accurately replicates the morphodynamic behavior of the sediment transport model for both calibration (RMSE = 0.31 m) and validation (RMSE = 0.42 m). Furthermore, it is shown that the surrogate model is highly effective in lowering the total computational time for Bayesian calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis. As a whole, this provides more realistic calibration and validation of morphodynamic sediment transport models with quantified uncertainty in less time compared to conventional calibration procedures.
Key Points
We reduce a time‐demanding sediment transport model with a surrogate technique based on the arbitrary polynomial chaos expansion (aPC)
Bayesian model calibration and validation in a fraction of computational time compared to conventional (manual, deterministic) methods
We achieve a more realistic calibration, a more successful validation, and valuable information in the form of uncertainty intervals
Heating and cooling of residential buildings is accountable for a significant share of the EU’s final energy consumption. In order to determine the current condition of the building stock and to ...implement appropriate measures and requirements to improve energy efficiency of buildings, a detailed analysis of existing buildings is essential. This paper aims at describing characteristics of the building stock of Salzburg by analysing energy performance certificates. Therefore, the building stock is grouped into archetypes based on the construction period, building condition (not-retrofitted and retrofitted) and building type (single-family house and multi-family house) and then analysed regarding energy need for space heating, energy carrier, heat emission system, share and U-values of building elements and window to wall ratio. The analysis of the data demonstrates that the structure and naming conventions within the EPC-database pose hurdles for a correct investigation of the data. A comprehensible and distinct notation as well as versioning is inevitable for the sake of avoiding a loss of information and enabling international comparability. An analysis of energy carriers of the archetypes reveals, that a significant share of buildings still uses fossil fuels like oil and gas for energy supply, although electricity (heat pumps) and district heating are on the rise for buildings constructed in recent periods as well as for retrofitted buildings, with heat pumps being the most important energy carrier for new single-family houses amounting to a share of 65% and district heating for new multi-family houses amounting to a share of 46%. A detailed observation of the thermal performance of buildings and building elements reveals high potential and practicability not only for energy efficient new buildings, but also retrofitted buildings throughout all construction periods and for both, single-family houses and multi-family houses (e.g. median U-values for retrofitted ceilings/roofs range from 0.17 to 0.26 W/(m2K) compared to a median of 0.14 W/(m2K) for not-retrofitted ceilings/roofs from the most recent construction period). The conducted analysis provides detailed statistical information on the Salzburg building stock and hence a robust basis for further studies regarding the thermal performance of the building stock and future scenarios by means of urban building energy modelling approaches. Furthermore, based on this information, policies for energy efficient buildings can be improved and adapted according to current circumstances.
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