Climate change has a worldwide impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functions, in particular by causing shifts in species distributions and changes in species communities. Here, we analyse ...altitudinal range shifts of 30,604 lowland butterfly and burnet moth records from 119 species over the past seven decades across the federal state of Salzburg (northern Austria) spanning an altitudinal gradient of >2500 m. For each species, we compiled species-specific traits on their ecology, behaviour, and life-cycle. During the study period, the butterflies have shifted their average occurrence and also lower and upper occurrence limits >300 m uphill. This shift is particularly obvious for the last ten years. Habitat generalist and mobile species exhibited strongest and habitat specialist and sedentary species weakest shifts. Our results underline that the effects of climate change have a strong and currently increasing impact on the patterns of species distribution and local community composition. Hence, we confirm the observation that ubiquistic, mobile species with a broad ecological amplitude can cope better with environmental changes than specialist and sedentary species. Furthermore, the strong changes in land use in lowland areas might additionally enhanced this up-hill shift.
Box and Whiskers plots of butterfly altitudinal distribution within seven study decades. Different colours of boxes indicate significant differences (P < 0.01) between median altitudes (vertical box lines, means are denoted by an ‘×’) assessed by Mann-Whitney pairwise comparisons. Abbreviations indicate outliers i.e. species. Display omitted
•Lowland butterfly species have shifted their average occurrence and also lower and upper occurrence limits more than 300 m uphill.•Mobile generalist species exhibited strongest and sedentary specialist species weakest shifts.•Our results underline that the effects of climate warming and land use change have a strong and currently increasing impact on species.
The paper focuses on long‐term changes in parameters of self‐perception (ie, physical self‐concept, self‐esteem, and self‐efficacy), physical activity, and its relationship to physical fitness of ...healthy and active old adults. The sample of 22 physically active and healthy elderly (age Mt1 = 66.00) originates in an earlier skiing intervention study following a longitudinal study design with four time points of measurement over a period of 6 years. Self‐reports on physical self‐concept (PSK), general self‐esteem and self‐efficacy, and an activity index were assessed and compared to physical fitness data (VO2max and muscle strength). Significant time effects (over 6 years) were obtained with respect to global physical self‐concept, endurance (PSK), and VO2max. Muscle strength turned out to be stable over time. The positive correlations between VO2max and the corresponding self‐concept evaluation of endurance abilities diminished across the 6 years. Self‐esteem correlated with the PSK scales and VO2max. In contrast to our expectation, self‐esteem, self‐efficacy, and activity level hardly predicted changes in the PSK scales, VO2max, and physical strength. Although VO2max and some parameters of the physical self‐concept declined over the 6 years, results indicate that physical self‐concept, self‐esteem, self‐efficacy, physical fitness, and physical activity display a complex pattern. The decrease in self‐perception measured by the correlation of PSK and physical fitness suggests that self‐concept of old adults is not sensitive to changes in physical fitness.
Faszination Malakologie Sturm, Robert
Biologie in Unserer Zeit,
December 2020, Letnik:
50, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der malakologischen Kartierung des Stadtgebietes von Salzburg, wobei zur Erhebung der im urbanen Raum auftretenden aquatischen Weichtierarten eine ...Vielzahl an Probenorten herangezogen und eine Standardsammelprozedur verwendet wurde. Insgesamt wird die Stadt Salzburg gegenwärtig von 24 Wasserschnecken‐ und 14 Muschelspezies besiedelt, was etwa 55 Prozent aller in Österreich dokumentierten Arten entspricht. In naturnahen Biotopen, welche sich vor allem im Norden und Süden der Stadt befinden, sind Biozönosen mit bis zu 20 Molluskenarten vertreten, während durch starke anthropogene Einwirkung gekennzeichnete Gewässer eine deutliche Verarmung an Spezies zeigen. Insgesamt steht die malakologische Forschung im urbanen Raum noch am Beginn ihrer Entwicklung.
Summary
Fascination malacology – aquatic molluscs in the city of Salzburg
The present contribution is dedicated to the malacological mapping of the urban area of Salzburg. For the evaluation of the aquatic mollusc species occurring within the city boundaries, numerous sample locations were investigated and standard procedures of animal collection were applied. In total, the city of Salzburg is currently colonized by 24 species of freshwater gastropods and 14 species of bivalves, which corresponds to about 55 per cent of all aquatic mollusc species documented in Austria so far. In natural biotopes, which can be found in the north and south of the urban area, life communities including up to 20 mollusc species can be observed, whereas waters characterized by high anthropogenic influence exhibit a remarkable pauperization of species. Generally, malacological research in the urban area is still at the beginning of its development.
Wie unterscheidet sich die Weichtierfauna zwischen naturnahen Biotopen und solchen, die verstärkt unter dem Einfluss des Menschen stehen? Am Beispiel der Mozartstadt Salzburg wird gezeigt, welche aquatischen Schnecken und Muscheln den städtischen Bereich besiedeln und wie sie verbreitet sind.
The Alaunian Seefeld Member of the Upper Triassic, a dark grey laminated and bituminous dolomitic limestone succession outcropping near the Wiestal-reservoir lake northeast of Hallein (Salzburg, ...Austria) is known for its extremely rich ‘ganoid’ fish fauna since more than a century. A privately initiated excavation that took place from 2012 to 2014 yielded far more than a thousand well-preserved fish fossils recovered largely from five mm-thin fossil horizons. The actinopterygian assemblage is dominated by several growth stages of the highly variable ginglymodian
, allowing for a documentation of ontogenetic transformations in cranial and postcranial morphology, dentition and squamation patterns, associated with habitat and dietary shifts. Small-sized swarm-fishes such as the macrosemiid
and the teleost
are rather common members of the assemblage, while the occurrence of the ginglymodian
, the dapediid
, the dwarfish pycnodont
and the large predatory ‘palaeopterygian’
is restricted to rare individuals. A single scale of a large-sized coelacanth, a well-preserved, small lobster-like decapod, plant remains and coaly gagate derived from disarticulated driftwood belong to rare associated finds. Both the perfect preservation of all fossils and the bituminous laminated dolomitic limestones barren of microfossils argue for a deposition under anoxic conditions, most probably due to salinity stratification. The occurrence of complete swarms, partly showing isoorientation of fish carcasses in distinct layers, speaks in favour of recurrent and rapid mortality events triggered by upwelling anoxic bottom water, most likely released by severe tropical storms.
•Perfusion CT could support the diagnosis of focal NCSE.•Cortical plus thalamus hyper-perfusion is highly suggestive of focal NCSE.•Focal cortical hyper-perfusion and ictal activity showed good ...spatial concordance.•Continuous focal ictal patterns especially determine hyper-perfusion.
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency and in particular nonconvulsive SE (NCSE) represents a diagnostic challenge. To improve clinical decision-making, cerebral perfusion-computed tomography (PCT) has been shown as a helpful tool to support the diagnosis of focal NCSE.
This is a monocentric retrospective study. Among the 602 cases of SE observed between September 2013 and April 2020 we included 21 patients that were studied with PCT. The perfusion maps were first visually analysed then a quantitative analysis (by regions of interest, ROI) was obtained. For each patient, the diagnostic EEG was reviewed and classified in accordance to the Salzburg Criteria for NCSE (SCC) as definite (D-NCSE) and possible (P-NCSE). Finally, we analysed the relationship between PCT and EEG patterns.
Hyper-perfusion was observed in 18 patients (86%), while in the remaining 3 (14%) a normo-perfused pattern was present. Hyper-perfusion was observed in 14 of the D-NCSE group (88%) and in the two patients with a P-NCSE (100%). No one among the patients with a P-NCSE had a thalamic hyper-perfusion, while among the 6 patients with continuous sustained epileptiform discharges > 2.5 Hz (pattern 1 of SCC), 4 (67%) showed cortical plus thalamic hyper-perfusion.
PCT could facilitate the differential diagnosis and speed-up the diagnostic process of NCSE in emergency situations. Finding cortical multi-lobar hyper-perfusion, especially if present together with homolateral thalamic hyper-perfusion in a patient with an acute-onset of motor/sensory/language deficits is highly suggestive for the presence of NCSE and is particularly related to continuous/sustained ictal patterns.
•The criterion of more than 25 epileptiform discharges/10 s was associated with increased survival 2 years following non-convulsive status epilepticus.•Patients meeting the criteria for possible ...non-convulsive status epilepticus had a more favorable outcome than patients with non-convulsive status epilepticus.•Salzburg consensus sub-criteria represent a new prognostic marker in non-convulsive status epilepticus.
Purpose: To investigate differences in long-term survival and short-term neurological deficits in adult patients fulfilling either sub-criterion of the Salzburg Consensus Criteria (SC) for non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE).
Methods: We retrospectively identified a cohort of patients with first-time NCSE epilepticus at Odense University Hospital from 2014 to 2017. Results of electroencephalograms at admission were dichotomized according to the SC (more than 25 epileptiform discharges/10 s was defined as the fast criterion), and groups were compared statistically through survival analysis and in a logistic regression model adjusting for established prognostic determinants in status epilepticus. Secondary outcomes were the associations between SC and neurological deficits at discharge.
Results: One-hundred and six patients fulfilled the SC and were included in the main analysis. In addition, 27 patients had possible NCSE. The fast criterion was significantly associated with decreased mortality 2 years following NCSE (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11–0.85, p = 0.039) in a logistic regression analysis after correction for age, etiology, semiology and comorbidity. None of the individual subcomponents of the slow criterion could explain the difference in survival in an exploratory analysis. Functional outcome did not differ between patients fulfilling fast and slow criteria. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of NCSE not fulfilling the SC more often had non-refractory NCSE and a more favorable functional outcome.
Conclusion: The fast diagnostic criterion for NCSE was identified as a new, independent variable associated with long-term survival after NCSE. The results may allow prognostication in patients with NCSE at the time of diagnosis, which could guide decision-making in the clinical setting.
In this paper we review the structure of the most external thrust belt of the Alps between the Rhein valley and Salzburg based on a new tectonic map and the (re)interpretation of seismic sections. ...Specifically we address the correlation between deformation in the Subalpine Molasse and the Alpine thrust belt in general and focus on the control of sedimentary facies on the structural style. A dramatic change in architecture from a ramp‐flat structure to buckle folding is related to a change from coarse‐grained fans to fine‐grained deposits within the Subalpine Molasse. Additionally the interaction of escape tectonics with postcollisional shortening controls the decrease of late Early Miocene and younger shortening within the Subalpine Molasse from 50 km near the Rhine valley to almost zero near Salzburg. Transfer of shortening into the hinterland, which is the zone of lateral escape, ended foreland propagation of the Alpine thrusts and initiated a general break‐back sequence of thrusting. Throughout this time the thrusts remained active. In such a scenario, tectonic units on top of the Subalpine Molasse are expected to undergo clockwise rotation around vertical axes. As thrusting in the Subalpine Molasse is closely related to contemporaneous transport and shortening within the tectonically higher Helvetic thrust sheets, amounts of Miocene differential shortening and related clockwise vertical axis rotation are minimum amounts. True clockwise vertical axis rotation is probably larger than the 12° deduced from the Subalpine Molasse thrust belt.
Key Points
Break‐back sequence of thrusting due to interaction with escape tectonics
Differential Miocene shortening causes clockwise vertical axis rotation
Foreland propagation of thrusting ends with onset of escape tectonics
This article aims to (a) describe the study design of a 6‐year follow‐up multidisciplinary research project on aging, (b) report the psychosocial characteristics of the sample in detail, and (c) ...evaluate aging‐related changes of health, physical activity, and psychosocial characteristics in 10 young‐old (age at pre‐test: M ± SD = 63.2 ± 1.5) and 12 old‐old (age at pre‐test: M ± SD = 69 ± 2) individuals. Both age groups consist of individuals displaying a high health status, a high extent of physical activity, high levels of psychosocial properties in the dimensions of well‐being, life satisfaction, self‐concept, body image, self‐esteem, and self‐efficacy, as well as a low general depression index. Psychosocial characteristics demonstrated a stable pattern over a period of nearly 6 years in both age groups with the exceptions of physical activity, satisfaction with children, general depression, and self‐efficacy. Furthermore, physical self‐concept decreased in old‐old adults, whereas the young‐olds showed no change. We assume that a high psychosocial status and a physically active lifestyle play an important role for mastering aging successfully in two life phases, each of which has its own challenges for older individuals. The decline in the physical self‐concept of old‐olds is interpreted as a first sign of subjective aging. Its association with losses in physical performance should be addressed in future studies. Finally, aging‐related changes should be monitored on an individual level in order to capture the complex dynamic of aging that is not considered in analyses of between‐person differences or averages.
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