Abstract
Non-convulsive status epilepticus describes the syndrome of unexplained impaired consciousness in critically ill patients. Non-convulsive status epilepticus is very likely to lead to delayed ...diagnosis and poor outcomes because of the absence of convulsive symptoms. EEG is essential for the diagnosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus to establish the association between periodic discharges and rhythmic delta activity in addition to ictal epileptiform discharges according to the Salzburg criteria. Arterial spin labelling, a type of perfusion MRI, has been applied for rapid and non-invasive evaluation of the ictal state. Ictal cerebral cortical hyperperfusion is the most common finding to demonstrate focal onset seizures. Hyperperfusion of the thalamus on single photon emission computed tomography was found in patients with impaired awareness seizures. We hypothesized that thalamocortical hyperperfusion on arterial spin labelling identifies non-convulsive status epilepticus and such thalamic hyperperfusion specifically associates with periodic/rhythmic discharges producing impaired consciousness without convulsion. We identified 27 patients (17 females; age, 39–91 years) who underwent both arterial spin labelling and EEG within 24 h of suspected non-convulsive status epilepticus. We analysed 28 episodes of suspected non-convulsive status epilepticus and compared hyperperfusion on arterial spin labelling with periodic/rhythmic discharges. We evaluated 21 episodes as a positive diagnosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus according to the Salzburg criteria. We identified periodic discharges in 15 (12 lateralized and 3 bilateral independent) episodes and rhythmic delta activity in 13 (10 lateralized, 1 bilateral independent and 2 generalized) episodes. Arterial spin labelling showed thalamic hyperperfusion in 16 (11 unilateral and 5 bilateral) episodes and cerebral cortical hyperperfusion in 24 (20 unilateral and 4 bilateral) episodes. Thalamic hyperperfusion was significantly associated with non-convulsive status epilepticus (P = 0.0007; sensitivity, 76.2%; specificity, 100%), periodic discharges (P < 0.0001; 93.3%; 84.6%), and rhythmic delta activity (P = 0.0006; 92.3%; 73.3%). Cerebral cortical hyperperfusion was significantly associated with non-convulsive status epilepticus (P = 0.0017; 100%; 57.1%) and periodic discharges (P = 0.0349; 100%; 30.8%), but not with rhythmic delta activity. Thalamocortical hyperperfusion could be a new biomarker of non-convulsive status epilepticus according to the Salzburg criteria in critically ill patients. Specific thalamic hyperexcitability might modulate the periodic discharges and rhythmic delta activity associated with non-convulsive status epilepticus. Impaired consciousness without convulsions could be caused by predominant thalamic hyperperfusion together with cortical hyperperfusion but without ictal epileptiform discharges.
Thalamocortical hyperperfusion on arterial spin labelling MRI could be a new biomarker of non-convulsive status epilepticus according to the Salzburg criteria in critically ill patients. This thalamic hyperperfusion might contribute to the periodic discharges and rhythmic delta activity associated with non-convulsive status epilepticus.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Increasing availability of high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) is leading to a paradigm shift regarding scale issues in geomorphometry, prompting new solutions to cope with multi-scale ...analysis and detection of characteristic scales. We tested the suitability of the local variance (LV) method, originally developed for image analysis, for multi-scale analysis in geomorphometry. The method consists of: 1) up-scaling land-surface parameters derived from a DEM; 2) calculating LV as the average standard deviation (SD) within a 3×3 moving window for each scale level; 3) calculating the rate of change of LV (ROC-LV) from one level to another, and 4) plotting values so obtained against scale levels. We interpreted peaks in the ROC-LV graphs as markers of scale levels where cells or segments match types of pattern elements characterized by (relatively) equal degrees of homogeneity. The proposed method has been applied to LiDAR DEMs in two test areas different in terms of roughness: low relief and mountainous, respectively. For each test area, scale levels for slope gradient, plan, and profile curvatures were produced at constant increments with either resampling (cell-based) or image segmentation (object-based). Visual assessment revealed homogeneous areas that convincingly associate into patterns of land-surface parameters well differentiated across scales. We found that the LV method performed better on scale levels generated through segmentation as compared to up-scaling through resampling. The results indicate that coupling multi-scale pattern analysis with delineation of morphometric primitives is possible. This approach could be further used for developing hierarchical classifications of landform elements.
► We test the method of local variance (LV) for multi-scale analysis in geomorphometry. ► We compare the analysis in a cell-based approach with an object-based (OBIA) one. ► LV method indicates which scales and morphometric patterns are present in the data. ► The object-based approach performs better than the cell-based one. ► Multi-scale pattern analysis can be coupled with delineation of morphometric objects.
Still on the Map? Thomas Hochradner
Muzikološki zbornik,
12/2020, Letnik:
56, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The paper aims to re-evaluate regionality as a key concept in musicology. After a short introduction to the topic, a case study on Salzburg is presented, followed by critical remarks on relevant ...literature and a summary that attempts to redefine the significance of regional and local developments within the discipline.
For the reconstruction of Alpine tectonics of the Eastern Alps, the evaporitic Permian to Lower Triassic Haselgebirge Formation plays a key role in (1) the origin of Haselgebirge bearing nappes, (2) ...the inclusion of magmatic and metamorphic rocks revealing tectonic processes not preserved in other units, and (3) the debated mode of emplacement of the nappes, namely gravity-driven or tectonic. Within the Moosegg quarry of the central Northern Calcareous Alps gypsum/anhydrite bodies are tectonically mixed with lenses of sedimentary rocks and decimeter- to meter-sized tectonic clasts of plutonic and subvolcanic rocks and rare metamorphics. We examined various types of (1) widespread biotite–diorite, meta-syenite, (2) meta-dolerite and rare ultramafic rocks (serpentinite, pyroxenite) as well as (3) rare metamorphic banded meta-psammitic schists and meta-doleritic blueschists. The apparent 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages from three biotite–diorite, meta-dolerite and meta-doleritic blueschist samples with variable composition and fabrics range from 248 to 270Ma (e.g., 251.2±1.1Ma) indicating a Permian age of cooling after magma crystallisation or metamorphism. The chemical composition of biotite–diorite and meta-syenite indicates an alkaline trend interpreted to represent a rift-related magmatic suite. These, as well as Permian to Jurassic sedimentary rocks, were incorporated during Cretaceous nappe emplacement forming the sulphatic Haselgebirge mélange. The scattered 40Ar/39Ar white mica ages of a meta-doleritic blueschist (of N-MORB origin) and banded meta-psammitic schist are ca. 349 and 378Ma, respectively, proving the Variscan age of pressure-dominated metamorphism. These ages are similar to detrital white mica ages reported from the underlying Rossfeld Formations, indicating a close source–sink relationship. According to our new data, the Haselgebirge bearing nappe was transported over the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formations, which include many clasts derived from the Haselgebirge Formation and its exotic blocks deposited in front of the incoming nappe comprising the Haselgebirge Formation.
► Upper Paleozoic plutonic and metamorphic rocks not preserved in other units. ► A rift-related alkaline magmatic suite of possible Permian age. ► Cooling after magma crystallisation and/or metamorphism between 270 and 248Ma. ► A source–sink relationship of Variscan detrital white mica to the underlying unit.
The article focuses on letters from the first austrian collection of emigrant letters, which is held at the University of Salzburg. It shows how these sources provide insights into migration ...processes and contribute to a deeper understanding of migration. The article discusses the advantages of using emigrants' letters to learn more about migration history, but also shows the limitations of these documents in historical research. The analyzed material comes from two writers who emigrated overseas from Austria in the 1950s because of the economic situation in the postwar period. For them migration meant an opportunity to improve living conditions. The one migrated to Argentina and stayed for life whereas the other migrated to North America and moved back to Austria twelve years later. They had different socioeconomic backgrounds, which led to different migration experiences and opportunities in the countries of destination. The political, legal, and economic situations in the countries of destination were different and the gender aspect must be considered in analyzing the letters. These contain a lot of information about the daily life of migrants and are important puzzle pieces for historical research. But the examples also show us the difficulty of letters as sources. Reconstructing the life of a person only through letters is like puzzle with pieces missing.
This academic catalogue provides access for the first time to the medieval manuscripts and fragments preserved in the Benedictine Convent of Nonnberg in Salzburg: 108 manuscripts and 125 fragments ...from the early 9th to the middle of the 16th century.
The work of M. Cebotari on the main female role of countess Madlen in R. Strauss last opera “Capriccio” was an important step in the singer’s career, despite the fact that she performed it only eight ...times. The participation of the famous artist in the Vienna premiere in 1944, undoubtedly, contributed to the rapid popularization of this work in the world of musical theater, and also helped the formation of the classical tradition in the performance of the leading part by a lyrical soprano. Highly accomplished singers such as L.della Kaza, E. Schwarzkopf, R. Fleming and others are among the singers that later followed this aesthetics of interpretation. This most complicated part from the point of view of its musical, vocal and acting difficulties is considered to be a trial stage in the professional formation of M. Cebotari — the future performer of operas written by contemporary composers at the postwar Salzburg Festival.
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