Generation of enhanced and augmented evidence maps corresponding to operation of ore-forming geological processes improves mineral exploration success. Structural lineaments have a substantial impact ...on such processes. Therefore, precise recognition of the lineaments facilitates mineral exploration targeting toward undiscovered mineralized zones. The paper aims 1) to recognize and analyze structural lineaments, especially those which are spatially and genetically associated with orogenic gold mineral system, through analysis of a multi-disciplinary geospatial dataset including aeromagnetic geophysics, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission, and Reflection Radiometer imagery and Digital Elevation Model data and 2) to generate an efficient structural evidence layer for exploration targeting. The methods applied are edge enhancement filters with line detection algorithms. The detection algorithm, Hough Transform, and total horizontal derivative of upward continued filter and its tilt derivative) were utilized to extract structural lineaments. Evaluation of the spatial association of known Au mineralization in the study area with the recognized structural features demonstrated that abundance, density, and trend of such features strongly control the localization of Au mineralization. In addition, band ratio, principal component analysis, spectral angle mapper, and spectral feature fitting were applied to map and generate mineralization-related alteration layer. The evidence layers were then integrated through the conventional TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method to delineate reliable exploration targets.
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•An enhanced structural evidence map is generated.•The structural features are responses to the corresponding ore-forming processes.•Application of the structural layer results in more-reliable exploration targets.
Pistacia atlantica Desf.is one of the main wild species of Pistacia in Iran and one of its products is an oleo-gum-resin briefly called Saqez gum. The effect of Ethrel injection (EI) on Saqez gum ...production was studied during summer 2018 at three habitats (Kuh-e Birk, Goharkuh and Mirabad) inSistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Four treatments, 0 (distilled water), 10, 20 and 30% concentration of Ethrel, were administered by injection into the tree trunk. The investigation was carried out in a randomized complete block design and 36 trees were injected. Saqez gum essential oil (EO) was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and identification and quantification of EO components were performed by GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively. The results showed that applying the EI treatment increased the gum yield of trees by an average of 4.4 times. The highest gum yield (29.33 g/tree) was obtained with EI at 10% in the Kuh-e Birk habitat, while the lowest yield (3.33 g/tree) was observed in the control treatment of the Mirabad habitat. In total, 39 compounds were identified in the EOs and α–pinene was found to be the predominant compound in all samples (66 to 91.8%). Other compounds such as β–pinene, camphene, sabinene, cis-limonene oxide, neo-iso-verbanol, ρ–cymene and ρ–cymenene were identified in the EOs. EI treatments did not have a significant effect on EO components and the amount of α–pinene and β–pinene in EI 30% treatment increased slightly. Due to the desired quantity and quality of gum in the EI 10%, this method of exploitation can replace the traditional method.
There is an increasing trend in the use of environmentally-friendly materials in wood protection. This includes the use of less toxic active ingredients, as well as better fixation. This study ...investigates the formulation based on the combination of copper and Saqez resin on the physical and biological resistance properties of poplar wood. Samples were treated by either copper-ethanolamine (Cu/MEA) and/or Saqez resin at various treatment levels. A vacuum pressure procedure was applied. The retention, weight percent gain, water absorption, volumetric swelling, and decay resistance of the samples were then determined. The highest retention and weight percent gain were obtained in the samples treated with the combination of copper-based system and Saqez resin. Additionally, the combination of the copper and Saqez improved the physical properties and decay-resistance against white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor.
Human beingstry to control water by examining many ways and methods. One of them has been building dam. Relying on their skills and facilities the people of every region have been building dams. One ...of these dams that was used in Saqez region to control the water of rivers in spring to autumn was the construction of a dam with a kind of wooden structure called Wlyr. The purpose of this study is how people make Wlyr and what the functions of Wlyrdam are. In fact, this researchwas a case study. Data were collected by an observation and interview with people in Seifabad village in region. The data showed that the people have been building the dam in every spring with foliage and grass and wood. The dam conducts the water through the creeks to irrigate potato and alfalfa and the like. This damwas destroyed by flood in every autumn. Now a day, this construct ruined and displaced by water pump and pollution of environment. Rethinking in imposed modernity, returning to ethics and altruism is one of the suggested ways of the research.
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•Geological processes of mineralization are translated to predictor maps.•Diverse spatial relationships between predictors and mineralization are investigated.•Different fuzzification ...functions are used to quantify the relationships.
Diverse deposit-types or mineral systems form by diverse geological processes, so translation of knowledge about the controls of mineralization acquired from the 4D geological modeling into 2D spatial predictor maps is a major challenge for prospectivity analysis. In this regard, mathematical functions have been used to model the conceptual or perceived spatial relationships between geological variables and targeted type or system of mineralization. In this paper, due to the different models of spatial relationships between predictors and mineral deposits, we investigated the performance of different fuzzification functions to quantify the relationships. We demonstrated that various types of relationships between exploration features and a mineralization-type sought could be quantified using different fuzzification functions for prospectivity analysis. We illustrated the process of the prospectivity analysis by using a data set of orogenic gold deposits in Saqez-Sardasht Goldfield, Iran. Prospectivity modeling of orogenic gold mineralization in the study area showed that the NE-SW trending targets have priority for further prospecting of the deposits.
meaning they give to Piggybacking . For this purpose, the Grounded theory and semi-structured interview technique have been used. The sample was selected from Saqez. Sampling was purposive and 21 ...case were selected to reach theoretical saturation. Interviews are encoded in the form of 125 concepts, 17 major categories and one nuclear category. Major categories include "group membership and group commitment", "special group ritual", "physical hazards", "mental harm", "Social isolation and exclusion", "reaction to labels", "natural hazards", "abnormal dangers", "poverty and economic pressure", "social distrust", "easy access and acceptance"," justification and legitimacy of your work", "skill and ability to control risks", "tendency to quit", "weaken Traditional production", cross-border ethnic and family interaction and specific characteristics. Categories in the form of a paradigm model are categorized based on three dimensions of causation, strategies and outcomes. The core category extracted is "Piggybacking a risky profession in the strait of underdeveloped borders ".
Introduction The Iranian plateau is part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, which consists of several continental fragments separated from each other by major boundary faults and/or ophiolitic ...suture zones (Gansser, 1981). Generally, the tectonic evolution of Iran has been controlled by the opening and closure of the Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys and the Neo-Tethys during the Precambrian-Cambrian, Paleozoic and Cenozoic, respectively. The study area is located in the northwest of Iran (the Kurdistan province) and 20 km northeast of the city of Saqez. This area is a part of the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Aghanabati, 2005). This belt is response to opening and subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the Central Iran (Alavi, 1994). During Cretaceous-Tertiary eras, numerous granitoid bodies were formed in this belt. The Saheb granitoid is one of these granitoid bodies which mainly consists of monzogranite, quartz monzonite and quartz monzodiorite. The aim of this research study is to discuss the evolution of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Saheb granitoids in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone based on geology, petrography and geochronology results. Material and methods In this study, 70 rock samples were collected from different types of intrusive rocks from which 30 thin sections were prepared for petrographic studies. Furthermore, four samples from the granitoid bodies (quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite and monzogranite) were selected for U-Pb dating. Approximately 100 to 150 zircon grains were hand-picked by a binocular microscope from each sample. Cathodo-luminescence imaging and dating of zircon grains were examined at the China University Geosciences (Wuhan branch). Geochronological analysis were performed by using the (LA)-ICP-MS method at the China University Geosciences (Wuhan branch). The detailed analytical method is presented in Liu et al. (2010a, 2010b). Geology of the study area The Saheb granitoid body is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. According to the geological map of Chapan (scale: 1/100000, Kholghi khosraghi, 1999), the Precambrian to Quaternary units are exposed in the study area. The oldest units are the Kahar, Bayandor and Soltanieh Formations with Precambrian to Cambrian age. The Permian sediments, the Ruteh and Doroud Formations, include sandstone, shale and carbonate. The Jurassic units are found in the northwest of the region, and include sandstones and shale. The Cretaceous sedimentary units are located in the south of the study area. These sediments contain sandstone, limestone, silty-limestone, shale and dolomitic limestone. During Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene era the Saheb granitoid intruded within the oldest units and caused Fe skarn type deposits in the Saheb area. The Saheb granitoid have been cut by a series of diabasic dikes. Results The Saheb granitoid consists of several intrusive bodies containing quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite and monzogranite. The major minerals in the quartz monzodiorite consist of plagioclase (35- 40%), quartz (15- 20%), orthoclase (20- 25%), and mafic minerals such as biotite and amphibole (10-15%) with granular texture. The quartz monzonitic rocks show granular and poikilitic textures. Plagioclase (25- 35%), quartz, orthoclase (30- 40%), biotite and amphibole (10-15%) are the main important minerals in the quartz monzonite. Plagioclase (20-25%), quartz (20-30%), orthoclase (30-40%), biotite and amphibole (15%) are the major minerals in the monzogranite. Zoning in zircon crystals from all four samples is well developed representing their magmatic origin (Hancar and Miller, 1993). Measurements of U-Pb in the Saheb granitoid zircon grains of quartz monzonite samples show their ages to be 62.03±0.56 Ma and 58.9±0.9 Ma. The age of monzogranite is 67.9±1.3 Ma and the age of quartz monzodiorite is 61.1±0.56 Ma. Generally, the age of this granitoid body indicates that the Saheb granitoid has occurred during the Cretaceous- Paleocene time. Discussion Based on field and microscopic studies, the Saheb granitoid bodies have been divided into three types of quartz-monzonite, quartz-monzodiorite and monzogranite. The field and mineralogical studies suggest that the Saheb granitoid is an I-type granitoid. The mineralogical variations in this granitoid suggest that the fractional crystallization has played an important role in differentiation of different compositional phases in the Saheb granitoid. According to the geochronological results, during Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene, the Saheb granitoid intruded within the Permian and Cretaceous units in the magmatic-metamorphic Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. These granitoids were formed by subduction of Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath the Iranian plateau. It should be mentioned that the intrusion of these granitoids into the Permian carbonates and Cretaceous carbonate and shale caused formation of skarn type iron oxide mineralization. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the authorities at the University of Zanjan for their financial support. We also thank the authorities at the China University Geosciences (Wuhan branch) for their financial support to perform U-Pb zircon analysis.
The Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ), as the metamorphic‐magmatic core of the Zagros Orogen in southwestern Iran, contains several styles of gold deposit of Phanerozoic age. The northern SSZ includes an ...ENE‐trending goldfield belt. This area that encompasses the main orogenic gold deposits, e.g., Qolqoleh, Kervian, Qabaqhlujeh, and the Barika VMS goldfield, was chosen for this research to study the spatial and temporal relationships between gold mineralization and orogenic phases. Regarding the rock unit variations, metamorphism, magmatism and the settings of the structures, the study area is divided into four distinct tectonic blocks, separated by three main NW‐trending thrust faults (suture lines) including, from NE to SW, the Tamugheh, the Ebrahim Hesar and the Zagros main thrust (ZMT) faults. The area between the Tamugheh and Ebrahim Hesar faults is a tectonized/uplifted basement of accretionary wedge‐originated thrust slivers, hosting the above orogenic gold mineralizations. The other area between the here termed Ebrahim Hesar fault and the ZMT is an island‐arc basin, proposed here as the Sardasht–Barika zone, including the only recognized massive sulfide gold district all over the SSZ, named Barika. The Barika goldfield was metamorphosed, deformed and enriched due to the island‐ arc collision to the Arabian continent, before the closure of Neotethys on the eastern flank.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, KB İran, Saqez Bölgesi’ndeki, orojenik altın prospeksiyon sahasının haritalanmasıdır. Bu işlemi başarmak için, jeolojik, jeokimyasal ve havadan jeofizik veriler analiz edilmiş ve ...indeks overlay ve bulanık mantık (fuzzy logic) yöntemleri entegre edilmiş- tir. Saqez bölgesinin jeoloji haritası (1:100.000 ölçekli), litolojik ağırlık değerlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla kullanılmış olup, burada, birimlerin özellikle orojenik Au cevherleşmesi içermesi yönünden yatkınlığı göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Ayrıca, jeoloji haritasındaki yapısal unsurlar temel alınarak bir fay yoğunluk haritası da üretilmiştir. Jeokimyasal kanıt haritalarını hazırlamak için 535 adet dere kumu örneğinden elde edilen veriler sayı-boyut çoklu-fraktal (Number-Size multi-fractal, N-S) yöntem kullanılarak Au, As, Bi ve Hg elementleri için değerlendirilmiştir. Tespit edilen eşik değerler, dere kumu örneklerinin su toplama havzasını belirlemek için kullanılmaktadır. Aeromanyetik veriler, gelişmiş kenar saptama yöntemi temel alınarak, manyetik anomalilerin kenarlarını tespit etmek için kullanılmıştır. Ayıklanan çizgisellikler, daha sonra yoğunluk haritasına dönüştürülmüştür. Havadan radyometrik veriler de iki kanıt harita oluşturmak için kullanılmıştır. Potasyum ayrı olarak grid sayılmış ve K/Th oran haritası hidrotermal aktivitenin olduğu lokasyonları belirlemek için oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, kanıt haritaların bütünleştirilmesiyle, bulanık mantık prospeksitivite haritasıyla önceden tespit edilmiş olan Au bulguları da (Qolqoleh, Kervian ve Ghabaghloujeh) dikkate alınarak, yüksek Au cevherleşmesi içeren yeni lokasyonlar belirlenmiştir.
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