The 1992-1995 battle for Sarajevo was the longest siege in modern history. It was also the most internationalized, attracting a vast contingent of aid workers, UN soldiers, journalists, smugglers, ...and embargo-busters. The city took center stage under an intense global media spotlight, becoming the most visible face of post-Cold War conflict and humanitarian intervention. However, some critical activities took place backstage, away from the cameras, including extensive clandestine trading across the siege lines, theft and diversion of aid, and complicity in the black market by peacekeeping forces.
InBlue Helmets and Black Markets, Peter Andreas traces the interaction between these formal front-stage and informal backstage activities, arguing that this created and sustained a criminalized war economy and prolonged the conflict in a manner that served various interests on all sides. Although the vast majority of Sarajevans struggled for daily survival and lived in a state of terror, the siege was highly rewarding for some key local and international players. This situation also left a powerful legacy for postwar reconstruction: new elites emerged via war profiteering and an illicit economy flourished partly based on the smuggling networks built up during wartime. Andreas shows how and why the internationalization of the siege changed the repertoires of siege-craft and siege defenses and altered the strategic calculations of both the besiegers and the besieged. The Sarajevo experience dramatically illustrates that just as changes in weapons technologies transformed siege warfare through the ages, so too has the arrival of CNN, NGOs, satellite phones, UN peacekeepers, and aid convoys.
Drawing on interviews, reportage, diaries, memoirs, and other sources, Andreas documents the business of survival in wartime Sarajevo and the limits, contradictions, and unintended consequences of international intervention. Concluding with a comparison of the battle for Sarajevo with the sieges of Leningrad, Grozny, and Srebrenica, and, more recently, Falluja,Blue Helmets and Black Marketsis a major contribution to our understanding of contemporary urban warfare, war economies, and the political repercussions of humanitarian action.
Shortly after the book's protagonists moved into their apartment complex in Sarajevo, they, like many others, were overcome by the 1992-1995 war and the disintegration of socialist Yugoslavia More ...than a decade later, in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, they felt they were collectively stuck in a time warp where nothing seemed to be as it should be. Starting from everyday concerns, this book paints a compassionate yet critical portrait of people's sense that they were in limbo, trapped in a seemingly endless "Meantime." Ethnographically investigating yearnings for "normal lives" in the European semi-periphery, it proposes fresh analytical tools to explore how the time and place in which we are caught shape our hopes and fears.
On April 15, 1941, Sarajevo fell to Germany's 16th Motorized Infantry Division. The city, along with the rest of Bosnia, was incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia, one of the most brutal ...of Nazi satellite states run by the ultranationalist Croat Ustasha regime. The occupation posed an extraordinary set of challenges to Sarajevo's famously cosmopolitan culture and its civic consciousness; these challenges included humanitarian and political crises and tensions of national identity. As detailed for the first time in Emily Greble's book, the city's complex mosaic of confessions (Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish) and ethnicities (Croat, Serb, Jew, Bosnian Muslim, Roma, and various other national minorities) began to fracture under the Ustasha regime's violent assault on "Serbs, Jews, and Roma"-contested categories of identity in this multiconfessional space-tearing at the city's most basic traditions. Nor was there unanimity within the various ethnic and confessional groups: some Catholic Croats detested the Ustasha regime while others rode to power within it; Muslims quarreled about how best to position themselves for the postwar world, and some cast their lot with Hitler and joined the ill-fated Muslim Waffen SS. In time, these centripetal forces were complicated by the Yugoslav civil war, a multisided civil conflict fought among Communist Partisans, Chetniks (Serb nationalists), Ustashas, and a host of other smaller groups. The absence of military conflict in Sarajevo allows Greble to explore the different sides of civil conflict, shedding light on the ways that humanitarian crises contributed to civil tensions and the ways that marginalized groups sought political power within the shifting political system. There is much drama in these pages: In the late days of the war, the Ustasha leaders, realizing that their game was up, turned the city into a slaughterhouse before fleeing abroad. The arrival of the Communist Partisans in April 1945 ushered in a new revolutionary era, one met with caution by the townspeople. Greble tells this complex story with remarkable clarity. Throughout, she emphasizes the measures that the city's leaders took to preserve against staggering odds the cultural and religious pluralism that had long enabled the city's diverse populations to thrive together.
This paper presents the scientific and academic work of Muhamed Dželilović, professor at the Department of Comparative Literature and Information Sciences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of ...Sarajevo. There is a special focus on two of Dželilović's books, Slaveni o Danteu and Kalhasovo proročanstvo, which claimed to establish the framework for all Dželilović's other scientific and academic work. Dželilović's approach to literature implies a complex dialogue with the greatest writers of the world's cultural tradition. At the same time, the most important domestic authors also find their place in that wider context.
Through the lens of the identification of the pre-war Sarajevo with the Foucauldian heterotopia, the paper traces the eighteenth-century birth of the ambiguously revolutionary idea of nation and its ...overlap with that of the territorial-national-state, focusing on the roots of ethnonationalism with its related
construction of the enemy, in the wake of Carl Schmitt, as a fundamental and consubstantial category of the "political". After questioning how liberal democracies are not exempt, but rather rely on these dynamics, the recent history of Bosnia and Herzegovina is then traced. In the light of it, the theses of multiculturalism
promoted by Will Kymlicka and Joseph Raz, and that of constitutional patriotism outlined by Jürgen Habermas are finally reread. These attempts to overcome the conflicts arising between the so-called ethnic, or cultural, or national differences, are examined with respect to the fundamental question of how such differences are constructed and used.
In the early 1960s, when Bosnia and Herzegovina was renamed to Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo experienced an exponential growth and an economic and demographic boom that ...exceeded the availability of housing. To remedy this growth peripheral areas were occupied by newly built districts - “residential colonies”, which among other things reflected the gigantism of the socialist period, and proposed a system made up of blocks and super-blocks scattered in open territories. The architectural panorama was enriched by a series of new architectural editions, expressly inspired by the principles of functionalism and rationalism of the Bauhaus. All this has been created on the foundations made by a group of architects who returned to Sarajevo, and in Bosnia Herzegovina in general, after they had been trained in the most important European schools of architecture. Work of the new generations of Yugoslav architects marked a shift at the architectural scene in the 1960s who experimented with the “modernist” interpretations of authentic local architectural expression. The paper intends to retrace some of the main stages of “modernization” of Sarajevo and highlight the singularity of architectural production that is, internationally, still unknown.
All'inizio degli anni '60 Sarajevo conobbe una crescita esponenziale e un boom economico e demografico tali da non riuscire a soddisfare la domanda di alloggi. Per rimediare a questa crescita, le aree periferiche, furono occupate da quartieri di nuova costruzione che riflettevano il gigantismo del periodo socialista e proponevano un sistema fatto di isolati e super-isolati sparsi in territori aperti. Il panorama architettonico si arricchì di una serie di nuove espressioni architettoniche, inequivocabilmente ispirate ai principi del funzionalismo e del razionalismo del Bauhaus. Tutto questo è stato possibile grazie al contributo di un gruppo di architetti rientrati in Bosnia Erzegovina dopo essersi formati nelle più importanti scuole di architettura europee. Il lavoro della nuova generazione di architetti jugoslavi generò un significativo cambiamento nella scena architettonica degli anni '60. Il contributo intende ripercorrere alcune delle principali tappe del processo di “modernizzazione” di Sarajevo per sottolineare la singolarità di una produzione architettonica che, a livello internazionale, è ancora sconosciuta.
The paper presents three literary images of the coexistence of Jews and Muslims in Ottoman Bosnia. The pictures chronologically represent a hodogram of coexistence from the 16th to the beginning of ...the 20th century. The first picture is Sušić's short story Šta učini Don Daniel Rodriga, in which the author first shows the early relationship between Bosnian Muslims and Jews in trade between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic, and then the social controversies that accompanied that process. The second picture is based on Bašeski's Ljetopis and presents a picture of coexistence in the daily life of Sarajevo in the 18th century, where it does not only include the beautiful and positive, but also the negative representations. However, this picture shows the dynamic connections between Muslims and Jews at the national level, but also the differences and tensions conditioned by the social, religious, and political context. The third picture represents the positive relationship between Muslims and Jews in the example of literary representations of Sarajevo’s Purim. Here we analyze the different interpretations of this event, as well as how much they, regardless of evident contradictions, together influenced the shaping of the discourse about this holiday of Sarajevo’s Jews.
V prvem desetletju 21. stoletja se je območje pod vrhom Bjelašnice, ene izmed štirih gora v okolici Sarajeva, ki so bile leta 1984 prizorišče zimskih olimpijskih iger, začelo hitro urbanizirati. Da ...bi to območje spremenili v sodobno letovišče, so bili tam zgrajeni novi hoteli in stanovanjski objekti, čeprav brez skupne oblikovalske vizije in ob precejšnjem neodobravanju prebivalcev. Avtorici sta v članku proučevali razvoj gorskega letovišča Babin Do pod vrhom Bjelašnice in ga primerjali z razvojem podobnih zimskih letovišč v Franciji. Za študijo primera sta izbrali francoski gorski letovišči Flaine in Les Arcs, ki so ju v šestdesetih letih 20. stoletja v okviru vladnega programa Plan Neige zasnovali ugledni arhitekti, od takrat pa sta se že precej spremenili in povečali. Njuni izsledki so po kazali nekatere podobnosti v urbanističnem načrtovanju in arhitekturi Babinega Doja ter proučevanih francoskih letovišč, čeprav je med njimi šestdeset let razlike. Nekatere stavbe v Babinem Doju ustvarjajo prijetno gorsko letoviško ozračje, ker pa za to območje ni regulacijskega načrta in je zato natrpano z nastanitvenimi objekti, hkrati pa nima dovolj skupnih javnih prostorov in storitev, ki bi privabljale obiskovalce vse leto, tega gorskega letovišča ne moremo obravnavati kot primer uspešnega prostorskega razvoja. Treba bi bilo čim bolj zmanjšati nadaljnje škodljive vplive na naravno okolje, človekovi posegi v naravo pa bi morali biti bolj premišljeni in trajnostno usmerjeni.
In the early 2000s, Mount Bjelašnica, one of the four Olympic mountains around the city of Sarajevo, experienced rapid urbanization. In an attempt to create a modern mountain resort, but without a ...general design vision and with substantial criticism from residents, new hotels and other accommodation were built. This article offers insight into the development of the mountain resort at Babin Do on Mount Bjelašnica, comparing it with the development of similar mountain resorts in France. Case studies are the mountain villages of Flaine and Les Arcs, both created in the 1960s by prominent architects as a part of the government program Plan Neige; however, they have largely been changed and extended since then. The findings show certain similarities in the urban planning and architecture at Babin Do with the case studies examined in France, even over a period of sixty years. Although certain buildings in Babin Do create a positive mountain resort ambience, the absence of a regulatory plan that has caused overcrowding with accommodation, and the lack of common public space along with poor all-year activities show that this mountain resort cannot be considered a successful development. Further damage to nature should be minimized, and development should have been more considered and sustainable.
Water represented a very important segment in the design and functioning of Sarajevo over the course of its long past. Water, as a symbol of life, in various forms and shapes, has been an ...indispensable factor in the creation and development of many urban areas in human history, which is very clearly visible in the Sarajevo example. Based on data from unpublished archival materials, published sources and relevant literature, this text attempts to present certain elements that undoubtedly led to the city's development. The work deals with different thematic areas that chronologically presented the exploitation of the water potential of Sarajevo and its immediate surroundings, as one of the key causes of the city's urban development and its economic and social transformation. In the classic Ottoman era, Sarajevo was, to the greatest extent thanks to the institution of the Waqf, an area with an extremely large number of different forms of construction on the water. Wells, fountains and shadirwans as well as a wide branched network of water supply systems, made it possible to use the bounty of water unhindered. Mills and bridges were in the function of economic activity, which directly affected the prosperity of the city. In addition to these positive examples, the paper also provides information on certain problems caused by the natural effect of water power. During the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian periods, Sarajevo was faced with floods which, depending on the intensity and whether the Miljacka or one of its tributaries flooded, caused damages of different scopes. Therefore, special attention was paid to the efforts of the city authorities to prevent such scenarios. The paper deals with the construction and maintenance of Sarajevo's water supply network. Its beginnings in the Ottoman period are presented and analyzed, as well as the first, at that time, modern approaches in the construction of a modern water supply system after the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Austro-Hungarian authorities, aware of the existing water potential of the source of the Mošćanica river not far from Sarajevo, tried to make maximum use of these facilities with the aim of supplying the city with sufficient quantities of drinking water. The Ottoman waterworks were dilapidated and could not meet the needs of the entire population, which was constantly growing, and the city's territory was expanding year by year, so this was also an aggravating circumstance. The paper shows in detail how the construction of the first modern water supply system in Sarajevo proceeded in 1889, as well as how it functioned in the following period. The presented and analyzed cases from the original material clearly illustrate the problems faced by the residents who wanted to connect their housholds to the water supply network as well s how the new water supply system caused various types of damage to their private properties. The last segment that this paper treats refers to the use of water power for the production of electricity. Towards the end of the First World War, the Dudin Hrid power plant was put into operation, which used the water power of the existing water supply brought from the Jahorina mountain. In this way, the city was supplied with water and electricity, which was extremely important. Particular attention was paid to the construction of a hydroelectric plant on the Željeznica River, in Bogatići, not far from Sarajevo. This project, although conceived and planned at the beginning of the twentieth century, was only realized after the Second World War and represented the first built object of the First Five-Year Plan. The results of the research presented here can serve, not only within the framework of the historiographic range, but also for the needs of knowledge that is of various social significance.
