A data-driven screening methodology is developed for estimating nutrient input and retention-delivery in catchments with measured water discharges and nutrient concentrations along the river network. ...The methodology is applied to the Sava River Catchment (SRC), a major transboundary catchment in southeast Europe, with seven monitoring stations along the main river, defining seven nested catchments and seven incremental subcatchments that are analysed and compared in this study. For the relatively large nested catchments (>40,000km2), characteristic regional values emerge for nutrient input per unit area of around 30T/yr/km2 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 2T/yr/km2 for total phosphorus (TP). For the smaller nested catchments and incremental subcatchments, corresponding values fluctuate and indicate hotspot areas with total nutrient inputs of 158T/yr/km2 for DIN and 13T/yr/km2 for TP. The delivered fraction of total nutrient input mass (termed delivery factor) and associated nutrient loads per area are scale-dependent, exhibiting power-law decay with increasing catchment area, with exponents of around 0.2–0.3 for DIN and 0.3–0.5 for TP. For the largest of the nested catchments in the SRC, the delivery factor is around 0.08 for DIN and 0.03 for TP. Overall, the nutrient data for nested catchments within the SRC show consistency with previously reported data for multiple nested catchments within the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin, identifying close nutrient relationships to driving hydro-climatic conditions (runoff for nutrient loads) and socio-economic conditions (population density and farmland share for nutrient concentrations).
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•Novel data-driven screening method for estimating nutrient input and delivery•Hotspot areas of nutrient input identified in the Sava River Catchment.•Relative nutrient delivery exhibits power-law decay with increasing catchment scale.•Relationship between nutrient load and runoff consistent cross-regionally•Cross-regional consistency between concentration and socio-economic conditions
The evolution of relict fore-arc basins and their kinematic relationships with sedimentation is often less well understood due their fragmentation or amalgamation of individual basins and continental ...units by the subsequent collision or other post-orogenic deformation. One example is the Cretaceous–Paleogene closure and associated sedimentation of the Neotethys Ocean that was located between the European and Adriatic continental units. Our combined structural, lithostratigraphic and sedimentological study in the NE Dinarides of Serbia demonstrates a variable Cretaceous fore-arc deposition on the European plate that correlates with the shallow- to deep-water sedimentation over the subducting Adriatic margin. The fore-arc was affected by an initial Early Cretaceous–Cenomanian period of contraction, followed by Turonian–Santonian extension, the basin being exhumed by contraction during the latest Cretaceous–Early Paleogene collision. The collisional geometry was subsequently fragmented by structures associated with the Neogene evolution of the Pannonian Basin. The correlation with the preserved amount and depositional character of Cretaceous trench sediments documents an interplay between subduction accretion and subduction erosion associated with external tectonic forcing, slab retreat and back arc extension.
•Cretaceous - Early Paleogene evolution of the subduction – fore-arc – back-arc system in the NE Dinarides•A dynamic forearc – trench – foreland system integrates complex deformation histories and associated deposition•Sedimentation controlled by interplay between subduction accretion and subduction erosion associated with slab retreat•Regional Turonian - Senonian extension in the European fore-arc and back-arc domain controlled subduction-related magmatism•Entire subduction/collision system subsequently affected by Miocene extension of the Pannonian Basin
•Climate change impact on groundwater levels (GWL) varies spatially.•The climate change impact response reflects the dominating hydrological processes.•An ensemble of climate and land surface models ...shows the uncertainty of future GWL.•Climate models are the main source of uncertainty for predicting future GWL.•Uncertainty from the land surface models increases for high GWL and near the river.
This paper presents the first study assessing the climate change impact on groundwater levels of the Zagreb alluvial aquifer in Croatia by coupling climate projections under RCP8.5 for the period 2040–2070 with local scale groundwater flow modelling. As a novelty in groundwater modelling of climate change impacts, this study utilizes an ensemble of five climate models and two land surface models for providing projections of relevant boundary conditions to the groundwater model. The groundwater model is used for predicting climate driven changes in groundwater levels in the aquifer system influenced by both changes in local groundwater recharge and changes in river-flow. Both boundary conditions are obtained from the land surface models. In addition, the uncertainty contributions to groundwater levels from both climate models and land surface models were quantified using variance decomposition. The results revealed that the spatial pattern of changes in groundwater levels can be related to different processes influencing groundwater dynamics. In areas dominated by a strong groundwater-surface water interaction, close to the Sava river, the multi-model ensemble mean change in groundwater levels is negligible for low and average water levels. However, for high water levels, an increase was identified. In contrast, a decline in groundwater levels prevails in all areas where aquifer recharge is largely driven by rainfall infiltration. For the variance decomposition analysis, climate models were identified as the main source of uncertainty for groundwater levels. However, the uncertainty contribution of the choice of land surface model to the impact simulations was found to be more important in the area affected by a strong groundwater–surface water interaction and for periods of high groundwater levels. Also, specific local issues related to low and high groundwater levels that are associated with extreme hydrological regimes were found to exacerbate under climate projections.
The aim of this study was the evaluation of the trace element contamination level in sediments of the most important rivers in Serbia and their tributaries. The determination of the aqua regia ...soluble contents of 12 micro- and macro-elements (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Zn, Be and V) in sediments was developed by the microwave digestion technique combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis distinguishes factors of lithogenic and anthropogenic origins. The Fe, Mn, Be and V contents are controlled by a regional lithogenic high background factor, while Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu are recognized as tracer of pollution. For Co, mixed sources from both lithogenic and anthropogenic inputs were evidenced.
The investigated sediment of the major rivers and their tributaries in Serbia showed high concentrations of metals, especially of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, which may cause serious environmental impacts. Rivers which flow into the Danube from its entrance into Serbia significantly influence the chemical load of the water and sediments.
The experimental study was conducted using two BCR standard reference materials. The calculated accuracy and precision confirmed the good performance of the adopted procedures.
In the USA, Black women are at disproportionately higher risk for HIV compared to women of other races/ethnicities, which can be explained by the Substance Abuse, Violence and AIDS (SAVA) syndemic. ...Disparities in HIV, substance use and violence are driven by multiple influences, including structural factors (e.g. housing and poverty), which exacerbate social- and individual-level factors leading to more sex partners, engaging in unprotected sex, having sex for money, experiencing forced sex from an intimate partner or increased substance use, all of which increase HIV risk. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a pill that can prevent HIV, is a discreet and underutilised method that Black women experiencing syndemics can use to decrease their risk. This study explored Black women's interest in, and barriers to adopting PrEP over 6 months. Thirty Black women (age M = 32.2) who experienced multiple substance use, violence and HIV-related syndemic factors were interviewed four times over a 6-month period. Results demonstrated that experiencing intimate partner violence, substance use, community violence and other structural factors (poor access to social services, transport and childcare) all acted as barriers to PrEP adoption. Future research should consider multi-level interventions that include methods such as media campaigns, providing PrEP or referrals where women who experience syndemic and structural factors seek help, and implement a PrEP adherence programmes and interventions in support group settings.
Deep neural networks (DNNs) as one of the key enabling technologies have been widely used in industrial artificial intelligence (IAI). However, recent research has revealed that they are quite ...vulnerable to adversarial attacks, arousing serious concerns about DNNs' robustness in many IAI-driven applications such as industrial video analysis tasks. Considering the attack efficiency and effectiveness, it is essential to study the sparse adversarial attack examples. Nevertheless, current methods' performance is limited by insufficient sparsity and lacks a unified framework. To solve these problems, in this article, we focus on sparse adversarial video attacks and propose a dual-branch neural network-based model to generate sparse adversarial video examples in an end-to-end fashion. We conduct extensive experiments with mainstream video models on public datasets and industrial case. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with state-of-the-art methods, our method can achieve a faster and better attacking performance with less than 1% perturbed pixels in the video.
The history of the establishment of the first psychological society in Bulgaria in 1921 and the contribution of Dr. Nikola Krastnikov and Ivan Kinkel are presented. The activity of the company is ...outlined. An interview was taken with Prof. Sava Dzhonev - Chairman of the Bulgarian Psychological Society, which reflects the traditions and achievements of psychological science and practice in our country, as well as the perspectives and upcoming tasks for Bulgarian psychologists.
Deterministic methods are still widely used for reservoir characterization and modelling. The result of such methods is only one solution. It is clear that our knowledge about the subsurface is ...uncertain. Since stochastic methods include uncertainty in their calculations and offer more than one solution sometimes they are the best method to use. This paper shows testing of the deterministic (Ordinary Kriging) and stochastic (Sequential Gaussian Simulations) methods of reservoir properties distribution in the Lower Pontian hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Sava Depression. Reservoirs are gas- and oil-prone sandstones. Ten realizations were obtained by Sequential Gaussian Simulation, which are sufficient for defining locations with the highest uncertainties of distributed geological variables. The results obtained were acceptable and areas with the highest uncertainties were clearly observed on the maps. However, high differences of reservoir property values in neighbouring cells caused the numerical simulation duration to be too long. For this reason, Ordinary Kriging as a deterministic method was used for modelling the same reservoirs. Smooth transitions between neighbouring cells eliminated the simulation duration problems and Ordinary Kriging maps showed channel sandstone with transitional lithofacies in some reservoirs.
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