This lavishly illustrated volume presents the major surviving monuments of the early period of the Rum Seljuqs, the first major Muslim dynasty to rule Anatolia.
Gerek konaklama bölümünde gerekse yiyecek içecek bölümünde yenilikler yaparak müşterilerin memnuniyetini sağlamak konaklama işletmeleri için önemlidir. Çünkü müşterilerin işletmeyi tekrar tercih ...etmeleri için müşterilere yenilikler sunmak gerekebilir. Konaklama işletmelerinin rekabet avantajı elde etmeleri ve varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için yenilikler ve geliştirme faaliyetleri kaçınılmaz bir olgudur. Bu araştırma Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli otel işletmelerinin yenilik faaliyetlerine bakışlarını ortaya koymak ve elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkacak bilgiler ışığında söz konusu işletmelere önerilerde bulunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli oteller oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Hjalager (2002) tarafından oluşturulmuş olan inovasyon faaliyetlerine ilişkin model çerçevesinde oluşturulan ölçek kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli otel işletmelerinin inovasyon faaliyetleri düzeylerine ilişkin analizler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda araştırma kapsamında bulunan otel işletmelerinin inovasyon faaliyetleri düzeylerinin, işletmenin yönetim şekline, çalışan sayısına, otel işletmelerinin yıldız sayısına ve inovasyon ile ilgili yönetici istihdamı durumuna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir.
Gerek konaklama bölümünde gerekse yiyecek içecek bölümünde yenilikler yaparak müşterilerin memnuniyetini sağlamak konaklama işletmeleri için önemlidir. Çünkü müşterilerin işletmeyi tekrar tercih ...etmeleri için müşterilere yenilikler sunmak gerekebilir. Konaklama işletmelerinin rekabet avantajı elde etmeleri ve varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için yenilikler ve geliştirme faaliyetleri kaçınılmaz bir olgudur. Bu araştırma Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli otel işletmelerinin yenilik faaliyetlerine bakışlarını ortaya koymak ve elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkacak bilgiler ışığında söz konusu işletmelere önerilerde bulunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli oteller oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Hjalager (2002) tarafından oluşturulmuş olan inovasyon faaliyetlerine ilişkin model çerçevesinde oluşturulan ölçek kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli otel işletmelerinin inovasyon faaliyetleri düzeylerine ilişkin analizler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda araştırma kapsamında bulunan otel işletmelerinin inovasyon faaliyetleri düzeylerinin, işletmenin yönetim şekline, çalışan sayısına, otel işletmelerinin yıldız sayısına ve inovasyon ile ilgili yönetici istihdamı durumuna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir.
Gerek konaklama bölümünde gerekse yiyecek içecek bölümünde yenilikler yaparak müşterilerin memnuniyetini sağlamak konaklama işletmeleri için önemlidir. Çünkü müşterilerin işletmeyi tekrar tercih ...etmeleri için müşterilere yenilikler sunmak gerekebilir. Konaklama işletmelerinin rekabet avantajı elde etmeleri ve varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için yenilikler ve geliştirme faaliyetleri kaçınılmaz bir olgudur. Bu araştırma Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli otel işletmelerinin yenilik faaliyetlerine bakışlarını ortaya koymak ve elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkacak bilgiler ışığında söz konusu işletmelere önerilerde bulunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli oteller oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Hjalager (2002) tarafından oluşturulmuş olan inovasyon faaliyetlerine ilişkin model çerçevesinde oluşturulan ölçek kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Sivas’ta faaliyet gösteren turizm belgeli otel işletmelerinin inovasyon faaliyetleri düzeylerine ilişkin analizler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda araştırma kapsamında bulunan otel işletmelerinin inovasyon faaliyetleri düzeylerinin, işletmenin yönetim şekline, çalışan sayısına, otel işletmelerinin yıldız sayısına ve inovasyon ile ilgili yönetici istihdamı durumuna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir.
The ophiolite of Sivas (Turkey) was studied in order to define the chronology of different alteration events related to a series of serpentinization and carbonation episodes. Six samples were ...investigated, representative of different types of ophicalcite (partially carbonated serpentinite). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mossbauer spectroscopy were used to determine the bulk mineralogy and the bulk Fe3+/Fetot ratio, respectively. Electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) analyses were also conducted to identify the chemical composition of different mineral phases in addition to the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcite. An initial, i.e. pre-obduction, phase of olivine and pyroxene serpentinization was followed by a brecciation event associated with precipitation of massive serpentine. This first alteration event occurred during exhumation of the peridotites to the seafloor, followed by a carbonation event at temperatures in the range 35-100°C. A low-temperature (∼35°C) carbonation event occurred between 90 and 65 Ma. Finally, a reheating of the system likely occurred after the obduction at 55-40 Ma, resulting in a carbonation episode followed by late serpentinization. Our study presents the first direct evidence of serpentinization after obduction. In that geological context, the hydrogen produced during the proposed multiphase serpentinization may have been trapped by the salt deposits overlying the ophiolite but subsurface data will be necessary to define potential traps and reservoirs; further studies are also needed to determine whether the serpentinization process is still ongoing.
The Central Sivas Basin (Turkey) provides an outcrop example of a minibasin province developed above a salt canopy within a foreland-fold and thrust belt. Several minibasins are examined to assess ...the influence of regional Oligo-Miocene shortening during the development of a minibasin province. The results are based on extensive field work, including regional and detailed outcrop mapping of at least 15 minibasin margins and analysis of the structural elements at all scales. This reveals a progressive increase in shortening and a decrease in salt tectonics during evolution of the province. The initiation of minibasins is driven mostly by the salt-induced accommodation forming a polygonal network of salt structures with mainly local halokinetic sequences (i.e. hooks and wedges). The initiation of shortening is marked by an abrupt increase in sedimentation rate within the flexural foreland basin causing burial of the preexisting salt structures. Subsequently, orogenic compression encourages the rejuvenation of linear salt structures oriented at right angle to the regional shortening direction. The influence of orogenic shortening during the last steps of the minibasin province evolution is clearly shown by: (i) the squeezing of salt structures to form welds which are developed both at right angle and oblique to the regional shortening direction, (ii) the emergence of thrust faults, (iii) the tilting and rotation of minibasins about vertical axis associated with the formation of strike-slip fault zones, and (iv) the extrusion of salt sheets. The pre-shortening geometry of the salt structures pattern, polygonal network of walls and diapirs versus linear and sub-parallel walls, influence the resultant structural style of the minibasin province subjected to shortening. Preexisting linear depocenter limited by sub-parallel walls accommodate preferentially the shortening compare to the preexisting sub-circular depocenter limited by polygonal network of salt walls and diapirs.
•Field work data used to examine influence of shortening on minibasin province.•Oligo-Miocene minibasins present an increasing number of shortening evidences.•Minibasins initiation is driven mostly by the salt-induced accommodation.•Minibasins are finally tilted and rotated about vertical axes.•Pre-existing evaporite wall network influences the lateral mobility of the minibasins.
Throughout construction process of a tunnel in an active tectonic region, it may be impossible to avoid active faults. Active faults create two adverse effects on the tunnels which are sudden fault ...displacement and weak ground conditions in fault zone. If a tunnel crossed by an active fault, the tunnel might be damaged by sudden movement of the fault. However, the main goal is to localize this damage without complete loss of tunnel. In this study, a special design developed for a wide span tunnel cut by an active fault is presented and the performance of the design is verified by numerical analyses. T9 tunnel was constructed within the scope of Ankara–Sivas High-Speed Train Project, Turkey, and the special design at the intersection of T9 tunnel with the Akdagmadeni active fault is the main subject of this study. T9 tunnel predominantly passes through agglomerate, basalt, marble and gneiss units and the tunnel route crosses the Akdagmadeni fault at around Km: 327 + 915. At this location, major deformations occurred in the tunnel and the tunnel excavation had to stop for a certain period. After the re-design phase, a special tunnel support system for this location were developed and proposed design was analyzed with numerical analyses. In addition, the possible displacement of the Akdagmadeni fault was estimated and the inner lining was re-designed considering the seismic parameters (i.e. peak ground acceleration and maximum displacement during a large earthquake). Consequently, in the present study, the effects of active fault crossing on the tunnel were explained and a special inner lining design was proposed to localize the possible damages, which are originated from the sudden displacement of the active fault.
The Sivas district is the most important gypsum karstified area in Turkey. The oldest evaporites in the region were formed during the sedimentation process of the Oligocene period. Generally, these ...units extend along the southern part of the Sivas basin. After the Early Miocene Sea drained from this region, extensive evaporite deposition developed. An electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) study was carried out between the Hafik and İmranlı districts of the Sivas gypsum karstified area. In this research, the prior aim was to determine the general characterization, geometry, sedimentary cover and resistivity properties of gypsums. In addition, the study includes the synthetic modelling of different gypsum karstification types. The evaluation and interpretation were based on ERT data that was collected from the Hafik-İmranlı region. First, the different karstifications were identified, together with the characteristic features of gypsum in the area. The ERT studies showed that there are large and old karst structures between the Hafik and Zara district. However, the karst structures that are located between the Zara and İmranlı regions were interpreted as smaller and younger. The characteristics of both of the regions are different in terms of the morphometric properties. It is certain that the Kızılırmak River has an important impact on the formation of these structures. ERT studies have shown that the cover- and bedrock-type collapse sinkholes are very spread out across the area, and their geometries are different. Throughout time, the suffosion type of cavities formed inside the cover-type sinkholes as a consequence of geological and geomorphological events. The ERT sections showed that certain parts of these structures collapsed, and then alluvial materials filled in. The shallow groundwater level in the drilling results and the conductive zone in the ERT results are compatible with each other. ERT studies clearly determined the various karstification typologies of gypsums in the region, which also contributed to the creation of a detailed conceptual geological model.
•This study reveals the importance of Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method in the research of gypsum karst.•ERT technique gives general characterization of gypsum karsts such as geometry, depth, dissolution zones, sedimentary covers and electrical properties.•This study also presents a distinctive feature from other ERT studies due to a large number of different resistivity data sets.•The general karst typology of Sivas gypsum karsts was revealed by this study with the aid of the collected two dimensional resistivity data sets.
Oligocene (Rupelian-early Chattian) new larger benthic foraminiferal taxons such as miliolid genus Sivasina n. gen., SİREL & ÖZGEN-ERDEM (type species Sivasina egribucakensis n. gen. n. sp. SİREL & ...ÖZGEN-ERDEM) occurs in the Eğribucak, Bakımlı, Tuzlagözü and Çaygören sections (E of Sivas). One new Rupelian-early Chattian lagoonal-shallowest-water peneroplid species Peneroplis flabelliformis n. sp., SİREL & ÖZGEN-ERDEM from the Eğribucak, Tuzlagözü and Çaygören sections and Rupelian lagoonal two new peneroplid species Coscinospira sivasensis n. sp. SİREL & ÖZGEN-ERDEM, Coscinospira elongata n. sp. SİREL & ÖZGEN-ERDEM from the Eğribucak section (E of Sivas), two new Rupelian shallowest-water alveolinid species Praebullalveolina oligocenica n. sp. SİREL & ÖZGEN-ERDEM and Praebullalveolina minuta n. sp. SİREL & ÖZGEN-ERDEM from the Bakımlı section are described and figured. Furthermore, the description of the known Oligocene soritid species Praearchaias diyarbakirensis SİREL, Praearchaias minimus SİREL, Archaias kirkukensis HENSON, Archaias asmaricus SMOUT & EAMES, peneroplid species P. cf. laevigatus d’ ORBIGNY and austrotrillinid species Austrotrillina brunni MARIE are given shortly. In addition, the biostratigraphy of four studied sections are introduced.
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