Shortening styles in salt‐influenced basins can vary markedly, with the volume and distribution of salt prior to shortening being a key control. Here, we use a suite of physical models to examine ...styles of thin‐skinned regional shortening in settings where the preshortening structure comprised minibasins surrounded by salt (‘isolated‐minibasin’ provinces). Our models show that the high volume of mechanically weak salt localizes lateral regional shortening, with shortening inducing salt flow towards the foreland that subsequently contributes to three key processes – translation, tilting and rotation of minibasins. First, we demonstrate that the flowing salt pushes against minibasins, propelling them in the regional shortening direction. Minibasin translation is enhanced by fast‐flowing salt streams and impeded by basal friction due to welding and base‐salt buttresses. Second, we show how minibasin tilt directions and magnitudes vary spatially and temporally during regional shortening. Minibasins tilt away from zones of pressurized salt, the locations of which may shift due to changes in salt flow regimes. Tilt directions may also change as minibasins pivot on primary welds, or due to forces associated with minibasin collision. Third, minibasins can rotate around sub‐vertical axes during regional shortening. We speculate that this rotation is caused by a combination of: (a) traction imparted on the minibasin boundary by differential horizontal flow of adjacent salt; and (b) pivoting on primary and secondary welds. We synthesize our results in a series of 3‐D conceptual models, before we compare and contrast regional shortening styles and processes in salt‐influenced basins with different preshortening salt configurations. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the geometry and kinematics of shortened salt basins, as well as a deeper understanding of the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of minibasins.
3‐D conceptual block model synthesising the structural styles and processes that occur in isolated‐minibasin provinces at low regional shortening strain.
Gypsum covers an area of approximately 5 % in Turkey and is mainly found in Sivas basin. Gypsum in the Sivas basin includes many karst structures with various sizes and has a variety of forms that ...present different conditions offering different morphometric features. Two basic shapes of karstic terrain are reflected in this area offering a wide variety of gypsum karst. The first of these are dissolution dolines which constitute the polygonal karst areas, and the second one is collapse dolines which is deeper karst depressions formed by roof collapse and the accompanying of solutions. The aim of this study was to determine and identify general characteristics of doline in the study area using morphometric measurements and calculations. Density of dolin is very high in study area. The source of the dolines data included 1/25,000 scale digital maps containing elevation and several cartographic attribute interpretations, a very demanding field work and satellite images. The parameters calculated for the study area include depression length, width, orientation, area, perimeter, depth, circularity index, depression density, circularity index, length/width ratio and major axis orientation. This study describes an application of geographic information systems to examine the morphometric and geological features of gypsum karst in Sivas basin. The effect of geologic, structural, and hydrogeologic variables on the morphometry and spatial distribution of depressions are discussed in the study.
Relative humidity is a crucial parameter for various agricultural and engineering applications and atmospheric dynamics; hence its accurate and reliable estimation is essential. This study aims to ...predict monthly relative humidity by means of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) method using neighbouring data in Sivas Province, Turkey. Nineteen years (2000–2018) monthly mean relative humidity data of five measurement stations was used for ANN analysis. The prediction accuracy of the ANN models was evaluated with the coefficient of determination (R
2
), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). Contour plot maps were also generated for visual comparison. R
2
, MAE, MAPE and RMSE values ranged between 0.952–0.965, 1.916–2.586, 3.422–4.974 and 2.472–3.391, respectively. The results showed that the ANN method provided satisfactory predictions for relative humidity.
The main purpose of the research was to evaluate the groundwater quality in wet and dry seasons of the study area and determine the areas with high water quality. First, diagrams commonly used in ...groundwater quality assessment were prepared. Water quality index (WQI) values were calculated by using water quality parameters, spatial distribution maps of WQI and water quality parameters were created by using Geographical Information System (GIS). Groundwater quality mapping was performed with the help of GIS-based analytic hierarchy process. The obtained findings showed that, 91.66% and 77.07% of groundwater samples respectively received at wet and dry seasons have been suitable for drinking. Groundwater quality of around Sivas city center has been rated with 'excellent' water quality. The most important factors affecting the water quality of the research area were the lithological characteristics of the area and agricultural uses. TDS, NO
3
, SO
4
, Cr and As are the parameters that negatively affect water quality.
Bu çalışmada 198 numaralı Sivas Şer‛iyye Sicil defterlerinde bulunan idâne kayıtları incelenecek ve analiz edilecektir. İdâne borçlanma anlamına gelen hukukî bir terimdir. Toplumların vakıalarından ...birisi de yetimliktir. Yetim kişi kendi ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak yaşa gelinceye kadar ilgiye ve himayeye muhtaçtır. Özellikle de ailesinden kalan taşınır ve taşınmaz malların muhafazası ve kendisinin kullanabileceği yaşa kadar muhafaza edilmesi gerekmektedir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde yetimlerin malları reşit olma çağı kabul edilen yirmi yaşına gelinceye kadar mahkeme tarafından belirlenen vasîler tarafından muhafaza edilmekteydi. Osmanlı Devleti 1851 tarihinden itibaren Emvâl-i Eytâm Nezareti kurmak suretiyle yetimlerin mallarını muhafaza ve onları işletme sorumluluğun kendi uhdesine almıştır. Bu nezaretin amacı yetimlerin mallarını öncelikle güvenilir esnaflar olmak üzere piyasa arz edecek ve faiz gelirleriyle yetimin parasının ekonomik şartlarda değer kaybetmesinin önüne geçecekti. Nezaret bunu takip etmek için bünyesinde defterler oluşturmuştur. İdâne kayıtları müstakil defterlerde tutuluncaya kadar şer‛iyye sicil defterlerine de kaydediliyordu. Sivas’a ait ve sınırlı olan şer‛iyye sicil defterlerinden 198 numaralı ve 1895-1909 tarihli defter de tamamen idâne borç senetlerinden oluşan bir defterdir. Bu defterde alacaklı, borçlu, paranın piyasaya arzı, faiz oranları, borçluların profilleri gibi değişik kayıtları bulabilmekteyiz. Sandıktan borç alanların şehrin yerli aileleri, kadın girişimciler, esnaf, mülkî erkân, eğitimci, tarikat erbabı kişilerden oluştuğunu gördük. Aldıkları borçların geri ödemesinde dönemin ekonomik şartlarına göre %9 ile en düşük, %50 ile en yüksek oranda bir faiz uygulamasıyla paranın finans çevrelerinde kullanılması dikkat çeken hususlardandır. İdâne kayıtları ekonominin hangi alanında paranın nemalandırıldığını göstermemekle birlikte, toplamda 487 bin 283 kuruş piyasaya arz edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu meblağın 126 bin 229 kuruş gibi bir faiz getirisi olmuştur. Bu da ortalama %21 gibi bir orana tekabül etmektedir ki günün ekonomik şartlarında iyi bir orandır.
In this study, landslide susceptibility maps (LSM) of the Akıncılar region were produced with the methods of frequency ratio (FR), information value (IV), logistic regression (LR), random forest ...(RF), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) by using a new GIS-based toolbox (LSAT, Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Tool). LSAT was used to assess the landslide susceptibility of the Akıncılar region located 150 km northwest of Sivas city (Turkey). LSM was successfully constructed using five different methods for the study area. Area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated as 70.95%, 71.85%, 72.57%, 72.67%, 73.93% for prediction rate of FR, IV, LR, MLP and RF methods, respectively. Time-consuming processes are one of the significant problems of constructing LSM. LSAT can be used easily in this type of study and minimizes such problems. Data preparation processes, visualization of modeling results, and accuracy assessment of LSM could very quickly and automatically be done thanks to this tool.
A method is presented for mapping of collapse susceptibility using Geographical Information System (GIS). Collapses in karst terrains are very serious geological hazards and can damage engineering ...structures and cause groundwater contamination. Preparation of collapse susceptibility maps will serve to successful urban planning in karst terrains. Susceptibility of collapses and the effects of collapse-related factors, such as geological and hydrological (lithology, tectonic activity, drainage systems, springs), topographical (slope angle, slope aspect, elevation), land-use (distance from roads and settlement areas) and vegetation cover were evaluated using GIS, field observations and remote sensing data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. A susceptibility map was constructed using the frequency ratio techniques. As a result, all factors had a relatively positive effect on the susceptibility map in the study area. The validation of the susceptibility map was checked by considering actual collapses. For this purpose, degree of fit (DF) was calculated, and the values obtained indicated the high quality of map.
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