•1,4-DMN is efficient in controlling sprouting similar to CIPC.•1,4-DMN and CIPC reduces starch remobilization in cold storage.•1,4-DMN and CIPC reduces browning of French fries.•1,4-DMN is an ...efficient alternative sprouting inhibitor to CIPC.
The use of a sprout suppressor is crucial for the use of potatoes beyond their natural dormancy period. The main sprout inhibitor used on a commercial scale, chlorpropham (CIPC), is becoming increasingly limited owing to its toxicity. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (1,4-DMN) compared to CIPC in controlling sprouting and maintaining the quality of potato, Solanum tuberosum ‘Asterix’, during cold storage. Treatment with 1,4-DMN reduced fresh weight loss and controlled the number and length of sprouts comparable to CIPC. Compared to the control, both sprouting inhibitors led to higher starch and lower reducing sugar contents, and the tubers retained the recommended quality for industrial processing. After frying, less browning was observed in French fries obtained from 1,4-DMN- or CIPC-treated tubers. We ascertain that 1,4-DMN besides being an efficient sprouting inhibitor and alternative to CIPC, it contributes to maintaining the quality of French fries after cold storage.
Blackspot is a subsurface potato damage resulting from impacts during harvesting. This type of bruising represents substantial economic losses every year. As the tubers do not show external symptoms, ...bruise detection in potatoes is not straightforward. Therefore, a nondestructive and accurate method capable of identifying bruised tubers is needed. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been shown to be able to detect other subsurface defects such as bruises in apples. This method is nondestructive, fast and can be fully automated. Therefore, its potential for non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes has been investigated in this study. Two HSI setups were used, one ranging from 400 to 1000 nm, named Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) and another covering the 1000–2500 nm range, called Short Wave Infrared (SWIR). 188 samples belonging to 3 different varieties were divided in two groups. Bruises were manually induced and samples were analyzed 1, 5, 9 and 24 h after bruising. PCA, SIMCA and PLS-DA were used to build classifiers. The PLS-DA model performed better than SIMCA, achieving an overall correct classification rate above 94% for both hyperspectral setups. Furthermore, more accurate results were obtained with the SWIR setup at the tuber level (98.56 vs. 95.46% CC), allowing the identification of early bruises within 5 h after bruising. Moreover, the pixel based PLS- DA model achieved better results in the SWIR setup in terms of correctly classified samples (93.71 vs. 90.82% CC) suggesting that it is possible to detect blackspot areas in each potato tuber with high accuracy.
•Identification of blackspot in potato by using hyperspectral imaging and chemometric methods is proposed.•Potential of Vis-NIR and SWIR hyperspectral systems was examined.•Blackspot bruising in potato was identified by using PCA, SIMCA and PLS-DA models.•SWIR hyperspectral setup had better results than using the Vis-NIR.
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•1.Ninety-one flavonoids were identified in pigmented potato tuber at three altitudes.•2.Candidate genes for flavonoid biosynthesis in response to altitudes were identified.•3. Two ...MYB repressors were involved in altitude-related flavonoid accumulation.
Not least because it is adaptable to a variety of geographies and climates, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is grown across much of the world. Pigmented potato tubers have been found to contain large quantities of flavonoids, which have various functional roles and act as antioxidants in the human diet. However, the effect of altitude on the biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in potato tubers is poorly characterized. Here we carried out an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic study in order to evaluate how cultivation at low (800 m), moderate (1800 m), and high (3600 m) altitude affects flavonoid biosynthesis in pigmented potato tubers. Both red and purple potato tubers grown at a high altitude contained the highest flavonoid content, and the most highly pigmented flesh, followed by those grown at a low altitude. Co-expression network analysis revealed three modules containing genes which were positively correlated with altitude-responsive flavonoid accumulation. The anthocyanin repressors StMYBATV and StMYB3 exhibited a significant positive relationship with altitude-responsive flavonoid accumulation. The repressive function of StMYB3 was further verified in tobacco flowers and potato tubers. The results presented here add to the growing body of knowledge regarding the response of flavonoid biosynthesis to environmental conditions, and should aid in efforts to develop novel varieties of pigmented potatoes for use across different geographies.
•Potato-based system phenology trends using data of 12 districts in Punjab, Pakistan.•Analyzed observed weather from Pakistan Meteorological Department from 1981 to 2018.•Correlated trend with ...temperature to analyze how climate affected system phenology.•SUBSTOR model used to isolate warming, management & cultivar effect on phenology.
Understanding the influence of thermal trends, crop management practices, and genetics on the crop developmental stages and phases is critical to develop adaptation strategies in the face of warming trends. The specific study objectives were to determine the correlation between observed potato phenology with the trends of rising temperature, and to investigate the impacts of thermal trend, crop management practices, and changes in cultivars using a modeling approach. The study was conducted at 12 sites in Punjab, Pakistan from 1980 to 2018 using phenological observations for both the spring and autumn potato crop. For the stages observed during spring, there was an average advance of 6.2 days decade−1 for sowing, 6.0 for emergence, 3.8 for tuber initiation, and 2.0 for maturity. However, for the stages observed during autumn, there was an average delay of 5.2 days decade−1 for sowing, 5.1 for emergence, 3.3 for tuber initiation, and 2.3 for maturity. The average phase duration decreased on average by 2.4 days decade−1 for sowing to tuber initiation, 1.8 days decade−1 for tuber initiation to maturity for spring, and 4.2 days decade−1 for sowing to maturity. The average autumn phase duration decreased on average by 1.9 days decade−1 for sowing to tuber initiation, 1.0 days decade−1 for tuber initiation to maturity, and 2.9 days decade−1 for sowing to maturity. With respect to the local weather observation, the average air temperature had increased 0.8 °C decade−1 for spring and autumn from 1980 to 2018. The differences in spring and autumn phenology had a statistically significant negative correlation with the increase in temperature from 1980 to 2018. When the CSM-SUBSTOR-Potato model was used for a standard variety across locations and years, the predicted phenological stages, on average, occurred earlier due to increase in temperature from 1980 to 2018, while there was less impact on the observed phenological stages. This indicated that during the last four decade, adaptation strategies such as earlier planting for spring potato, and later planting for autumn, as well as the release of new cultivars that require more thermal time compared to the traditional cultivars have been implemented by growers have compensated for some part of temperature induced warming trends of spring and autumn potato phenology.
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•We determine and quantify the main drivers of potato yield variability under irrigated conditions.•We used correlation analysis, decomposition of variability sources and maps to ...assess potato yield variability.•Using APSIM, three planting dates × four irrigation strategies were simulated.•Crop management factors explained the greatest potato yield variability when compared to environmental factors.•We identified a need to discriminate the drivers of potato yield variability regionally.
The uncertainties associated with crop model inputs can affect the spatio-temporal variance of simulated yields, particularly under suboptimal irrigation. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the main drivers of irrigated potato yield variance; as influenced by crop management practices as well as climate and soil factors. Using a locally calibrated crop model (APSIM), three planting dates × three irrigation strategies (plus a non-water limited treatment) were simulated using 30 years of historical weather data across potato production areas in Tasmania, Australia. We used (i) correlation analysis, (ii) variance decomposition and (iii) maps to visualise the spatial decomposition of variance of potato yield. Our results showed that the implementation of potential irrigation compensated for the impact of planting date on climate drivers of simulated yield and changed the most important yield driving factors from irrigation and planting date to global solar radiation (r = 0.69−0.81). Under early-planting, we found positive correlations of simulated yield vs. global solar radiation (r up to 0.75 under high and medium irrigation) and between the simulated yield and rainfall (r up to 0.55 under low irrigation). In general, a mix of negative and positive correlations were found for minimum and maximum temperature depending on soil type. Using variance decomposition analysis, we found that crop management factors explained the greatest yield variance depending on soil type related to plant available water capacity (PAWC). For soils with high PAWC (>200 mm), most variance was explained by global solar radiation (56–62 %) followed by planting date (43–47 %). However, when PAWC values decreased from 242 mm to 94 mm, the contribution of global solar radiation and planting date were reduced from 62 % to 5.8 % and from 47 % to 4.4 %, respectively, and the contribution of irrigation strategy increased from 0.4%–32.5%. We identified a need to quantify and differentiate the variance contribution of environmental and crop management factors on crop yield and within these factors, discriminate the key drivers of yield variance at regional scale.
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is extremely dangerous to human health and can be found naturally in soils, deposited through industrial waste or phosphate fertilization. In this study, we ...evaluated the morphological responses of in vitro grown plants of potato in the presence of Cd, and define a procedure for assessing Cd sensitivity of different clones. The potato clone SMIJ461-1 was cultured in the presence of Cd at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 110, 120, 140, and 160 µM. Survival, rooting, number and height of shoots, leaf and root counts were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of cultivation. Adverse effects of Cd on the growth of the potato plants, exerted in a concentration-dependent manner, were observed for shoot height, leaf and root counts. Results of this study indicated that Cd concentrations of 0, 45, 90, and 135 µM can be used for future in vitro evaluation of potato clone sensitivity to Cd exposure.
RESUMO: O cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado extremamente perigoso à saúde humana, podendo ser encontrado naturalmente nos solos, depositado através de resíduos industriais ou da adubação fosfatada. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as respostas morfológicas de plantas de batata cultivadas in vitro na presença de Cd e definir uma metodologia para inferir sobre a sensibilidade de diferentes clones. Foi estudado o clone SMIJ461-1 de batata, nas concentrações de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 110, 120, 140, 160 µM de Cd adicionadas ao meio de cultura. A sobrevivência, o enraizamento, o número de brotações, a altura da parte aérea e o número de folhas e raízes foram avaliados aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de cultivo. Foram observados efeitos adversos de concentrações de Cd sobre o crescimento in vitro das plantas de batata do clone SMIJ461-1 para a altura da parte aérea e o número de folhas e raízes, sendo estes efeitos dependentes das concentrações de Cd adicionadas ao meio de cultura. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as concentrações de 0, 45, 90 e 135 µM de Cd podem ser utilizadas para a avaliação in vitro da sensibilidade de clones de batata a presença de Cd.
Wild Solanum species have often been used as sources of important agricultural traits, including resistance to various diseases, pests, and abiotic factors. However, their large-scale use in potato ...breeding is limited by complex barriers of sexual incompatibility with Solanum tuberosum. Fusion of protoplasts enzymatically isolated from somatic cells is one of the approaches to overcoming sexual incompatibility. The diverse nuclear and cytoplasmic traits exhibited by potato somatic hybrids provide new genetic material for breeding programs, which is confirmed by the creation of a large number of somatic hybrids of cultivated potatoes with wild Solanum species. The research in development of somatic potato hybrids by means of protoplast fusion has been carried out for more than 40 years already. In this review, the prospects for the use of this technology in modern potato breeding are considered. Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies provide further insight into the fundamental processes underlying the somatic hybrids formation, such as cell wall formation, chromosomal rearrangements in fusion products, regeneration, and also make a significant contribution to understanding the processes of genome stabilization. Improvement in the methods of molecular screening of both genome and cytoplasm also contributes to the expansion of the field of application of somatic hybrids in breeding. Finally, it has been shown that somatic hybridization promotes the introgression of important agricultural traits, primarily resistance to pathogens.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important vegetable crop, with a global production of around 368 million tonnes and more than 5000 known varieties. Tubers are the edible part of the plant, ...which can be eaten in various forms e.g. boiled, cooked, fried, crisped, etc. Processing of raw tubers usually involves peeling that generates a great amount of bulky waste which is usually discarded or used as animal feed.
The present review aims at deeply discussing the current knowledge on the nutritional value, chemical composition and potentially related bioactivities of potato peels. Moreover, an overview on the reutilization of this bio-residue by the food industry is presented, by discussing the reported applications/incorporations into different food matrices, along with the potential technological properties.
Considering the nutritional value and chemical composition of potato peels, along with the bioactivity and technological properties of their extracts, the sustainable valorization of potato processing by-products presents great interest for the food and pharmaceutical industries that could increase the overall added value and minimize the environmental impact of this food crop.
•Potato peels (PP) are a promising and underexplored bio-residue from the food processing industry.•Nutritional and phytochemical composition varies widely among PP varieties.•All PP varieties are rich in dietary fibre, phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids.•PP extracts can exert antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-obesity and antidiabetic activities.•Technological and bioactive properties make PP suitable for incorporation in a range of food products.
•A 13CO2 pulse-chase experiment reveals the biosynthetic history of α-solanine and α-chaconine, the two major steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato.•The detection of 13C2-units in the steroidal moieties ...of the SGAs demonstrate the origin of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors from the mevalonate pathway.•The specific labelling patterns in the SGAs reflect the regio- and stereochemistry in cyclization of the 2,3-oxidosqualene precursor.•The partitioning of 13C2-pairs in the F-rings indicates a non-stereoselective hydroxylation of the terminal methyl groups in the side chain of the sterol precursor leading to a mixture of 25S- and 25R-epimers of SGAs.
α-Solanine and α-chaconine are the major glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in potatoes, but up to now the biosynthesis of these saponins is not fully understood. In planta13CO2 labeling experiments monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) unraveled the SGA biosynthetic pathways from CO2 photosynthates via early precursors to the SGAs. After a pulse of ~ 700 ppm 13CO2 for four hours, followed by a chase period for seven days, specific 13C-distributions were detected in SGAs from the leaves of the labeled plant. NMR analysis determined the positional 13C-enrichments in α-solanine and α-chaconine characterized by 13C2–pairs in their aglycones. These patterns were in perfect agreement with a mevalonate-dependent biosynthesis of the isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors. The 13C-distributions also suggested cyclization of the 2,3-oxidosqualene precursor into the solanidine aglycone backbone involving a non–stereoselective hydroxylation step of the sterol a mixture of 25S-/25R-epimers of the SGAs.
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