Muchos autores consideran a Spinoza un adalid del liberalismo. No poca razón tienen, pues en el Tratado teológico-político (TTP) defiende el autor algunos de los pilares fundamentales de la ...democracia liberal: la exaltación de la democracia como la mejor forma de gobierno, la libertad de expresión como consustancial a la actividad política, una teoría del pacto social (transferencia del poder) y un énfasis en el papel clave del individuo en el Estado político. Este artículo propone que una lectura de conjunto de la teoría spinozista, impide entenderlo como un pensador liberal o, por añadidura, como un filosofo utilitarista. Analizaremos tres elementos esenciales: el rol del individuo y su constitución, sus concepciones epistemológicas y su entendimiento de lo propiamente político. Se concluye que la filosofía de Spinoza contiene una contundente crítica a la democracia liberal. Palabras clave: democracia; liberalismo; Spinoza; individuo; política. Spinoza has been named "champion of liberalism" by many distinguished authors. And this could not be more accurate, because in the Theological-Political Treatise (TTP) the author defends fundamental principles of liberal democracy, such as the exaltation of democracy as the best form of government, freedom of expression as consubstantial to political activity, the theory of the social pact (transfer of power), and the emphasis on the key role of the individual in the political state. This article proposes that an overall reading of Spinozist theory will prevent us from understanding him as a liberal thinker, and consequently, as an utilitarian philosopher. Thus, three essential elements will be analyzed: the role of the individual and its constitution, its epistemological conceptions, and its understanding of the properly political. It is concluded that Spinoza's philosophy critiques liberal democracy with solid arguments. Keywords: democracy; liberalism; Spinoza; individual; politics
If Bentham had Read Jiménez Sánchez, José J
Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie,
01/2014, Letnik:
100, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This text focuses on the grounding of the legal and political structure of the modern state and starts from the Hobbesian conception of power as absolute and unlimited power. For their part, Spinoza ...and Bentham argue, against Hobbes, for the need to set certain limits to power, although they each based it on radically different grounds. Spinoza’s political ontology makes it easy to carry out to the end what was permitted by a factual conception of power, which opens up the possibility of thinking about power in a different way, namely, normatively. The difference between the utilitarian approach and that of Spinoza is his special conception of natural law, which leads him to maintain that it can only be defended where men have rights in common, that is, where there is civil order, making the preservation of our being the justification and limit of the institutionalization of the civil order. Bentham, however, remains true to his empiricist conception and a prisoner of its shortcomings, so that he cannot conceive of the limit of power except as self-limitation. The reason is that he does not have a sufficiently consistent concept of natural rights. Bentham’s conception of them as “nonsense upon stilts” makes it impossible.
Abstract
Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg war Spinozas Philosophie von Recht, Staat und Politik Jahrzehnte lang nahezu vergessen, von wenige, oft kuriosen Ausnahme abgesehen (s. Abschnitt V). Ein anderes Bild ...bietet, nach einer Reihe von Vorläufern in der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts (aufgezeigt am Beispiel Heidelbergs - Mohl, Bluntschli, Georg Jellinek - in Abschnitt II), die Rechts- und Staatslehre der Weimarer Republik (Abschnitt III.1-6). Vor allem bei den demokratisch gesinnten Rechts- und Staatslehrern (im Anschluss an einflussreiche Arbeiten von Adolf Menzel zum Beginn des Jahrhunderts), so bei Hugo Preuß, Hermann Heller, Walter Jellinek und Gustav Radbruch, ist Spinoza vielfältig präsent, und in den beiden Jubiläumsjahren 1927 und 1932 erscheint eine Reihe von Gedenkartikeln in rechtswissenschaftlichen und praxisbezogenen Zeitschriften, während für 1977 und 1982 diesbezüglich Fehlanzeige zu erstatten ist. Auch die Präsenz Spinozas bei Carl Schmitt, incl. der Wandlungen nach 1933, ist ausführlich dargestellt. - Man sieht: Die Schatten der NS-Zeit, in der Spinoza unter das Verdikt gegen das jüdisch-zersetzende Denken' fiel, sind länger, als man anzunehmen geneigt ist. Erst in der Berliner Republik' beginnt sich das zu ändern.
El presente trabajo se centra en una interpretación de la metafísica de Spinoza como ontoteología propulsada por la tácita voluntad de lograr la felicidad del sujeto individual. Siguiendo la línea ...hermenéutica apuntada por Michel Henry en su primer estudio académico, tratamos de conducir la interpretación de la ontoteología spinoziana hasta una perspectiva en la cual el fin último de la afirmación del Absoluto es el deseo de garantizar la segura residencia del hombre en la totalidad del mundo objetivamente dado: la reconciliación entre la subjetividad finita y el cosmos.
The article brings some Spinoza's concepts that are present in the Ethics, as well as in the Theologico-political Treatise and in the Political Treatise, showing arguments and presenting definitions ...in the three works that are related to the problem of the foundation and maintenance of the political field. The main goal is to show how Spinoza's concepts relate one to each other to resolve the proposed question.
The thoroughly contemporary question of the relationship between emotion and reason was debated with such complexity by the philosophers of the 17th century that their concepts remain a source of ...inspiration for today`s research about the emotionality of the mind. The analyses of the works of Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and many other thinkers collected in this volume offer new insights into the diversity and significance of philosophical reflections about emotions during the early modern era. A focus is placed on affective components in learning processes and the boundaries between emotions and reason.
This work aims at the analysis of the Spinoza's concept of right of resistance. At the beginning of this work is developed an investigation about the historic and theoretical circumstances that ...influenced the Spinoza's reflections about the right of resistance. After this investigation, some spinozian political and juridical categories related to the right of resistance concept are analysed, such as: the idea of natural right, the relation between political obedience and resistance and the political and institutional mechanisms of right of resistance proposed by Spinoza.
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