•In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of cereal grains are summarized.•Cereals provide significant levels of bioactive phytochemicals including phenolic acids and carotenoids.•These ...phytochemicals are unevenly distributed in the grain kernel and possess antioxidant properties.•Consumption of cereal grain products favorably alters endogenous antioxidant markers.•Adequate intake of cereal grains may potentially mitigate oxidative stress.
Cereal grains and products have gained popularity in contributing to healthy eating behavior because of their antioxidant properties associated with protection against chronic diseases. In this review, notable studies on the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of commonly consumed cereal grains are summarized. Cereals contain phytochemicals or certain minor components with antioxidant properties. The antioxidant potential of cereals depends on their bioaccessibility, absorption in the gastrointestinal and their bioavailability utilization in vivo. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation of cereals increased their antioxidant potentials which are significantly correlated with their total phenolic contents. Most studies performed in vivo have been concerned with the antioxidant properties of colored rice, wheat bran and rye products. There are inadequate in vitro and in vivo studies on antioxidative potentials of fermented versus unfermented cereals. Therefore, further studies are necessary to maximize possible health benefits of cereal antioxidative phytochemicals.
Quantifying the active surface area of Mars‐van‐Krevelen catalysts is paramount for the elucidation of structure‐property relationships and the knowledge‐based catalyst development. Different cerium ...oxides were prepared via precipitation‐based techniques. By altering conditions during precipitation, materials with a wide span of material properties were prepared. The influence of temperature during ammonia‐based precipitation was investigated. When using Ce(IV) precursors an increase in precipitation temperature decreases the crystallite size while increasing specific surface area, attributed to an increase in nucleation rate. Sintering stability is also increased for materials precipitated at higher temperature. Measuring the total oxygen storage capacity (TOSC) values of the prepared materials showed that the TOSC is not strictly a function of BET surface area. Our results suggest that crystallites with a domain size under a certain threshold are not reduced via oxygen release but rather hydroxyl formation. A method was proposed with which the redox active surface area for polycrystalline ceria can be estimated on basis of the domain size obtained from Rietveld refinement. These findings were corroborated by CO oxidation light‐off experiments in which the light‐off temperature was found to correlate with the surface that can release oxygen reversibly, the Mars‐van‐Krevelen active surface area, rather than BET surface area.
Mars‐van‐Krevelen (MvK)‐active surface area of ceria: Influence of precipitation temperature on material properties was probed. In a second step it was shown through total oxygen storage capacity (TOSC) measurements that not the entire surface area, as determined by nitrogen physisorption (SBET) can release oxygen reversibly. This was traced back to small domains below <5 nm.
Few practical methods are available to monitor the PRRSV status of the sows. Common sampling methods for sows like serum sampling, and tonsil scraping involve restraining individual sows and are ...labor-intensive, time-consuming, relatively invasive, and therefore, have limited use in large-scale production settings. Thus, a practical and rapid method of sampling large numbers of sows is needed. This study aimed to develop a new sampling method, named tonsil-oral scraping (TOSc) and compare TOSc to serum and tonsil scraping in terms of PRRSV qPCR detection rate and Ct values in thirty matched sows, thirty days after PRRSV outbreak. TOSc recovered a mixture of oral fluids and tonsil exudates from the sow oral cavity within seconds without restraining the animals. Results showed that, numerically, the TOSc samples had higher PRRSV qPCR detection rate (100 %) compared to serum (16.8 %) and tonsil scraping (73.1 %). Moreover, TOSc samples had lower average Ct values (29.7) than tonsil scraping (30.7) and serum (35.2). There was no significant difference in the detection rate between TOSc and tonsil scraping (Tukey test, p = 0.992), while there was a significant difference between serum and tonsil scraping (Tukey test, p < 0.001), as well as between serum and TOSc (Tukey test, p < 0.001). In terms of Ct values, there was no statistically significant difference between TOSc and tonsil scrapings (Dunn Test, p > 0.05), while there was a significant difference between tonsil scraping with serum (Dunn Test, p < 0.01), and TOSc with serum (Dunn Test, p < 0.01). Our results suggest great potential of the TOSc as a novel, practical, and rapid tool for PRRSV RNA detection in sows to assess sow herd status.
► A decrease of phenolic compounds (besides anthocyanins which increased) was observed by HPLC–MS/MS in the course of ripening. ► A decrease of the antioxidant capacity (assessed by TEAC and TOSC) ...was observed during ripening. ► Contribution of identified polyphenols to overall antioxidant capacity was not significant (assessed by authentic standards). ► A decrease of determined nutrients during ripening was observed (besides lipids which increased).
Consumption of açaí fruits has been linked to positive health effects due to its phenolic content and nutritive value. The objective of this study was to characterize açaí fruits chemically and to determine the antioxidant capacity at three different maturity stages. With the exception of fat, amounts of macronutrients, minerals and titratable acids decreased during the ripening process. The same trend was observed for most of the phenolic constituents identified by HPLC–ESI-MS/MS. A consistent decline was shown for flavones and hydroxycinnamic acids. The concentration of the anthocyanins increased in the course of ripening. In accordance with the total amount of the identified phenolic compounds, the antioxidant capacity, measured by TEAC and TOSC, also decreased. However, the contribution of the main phenolic compounds to the overall antioxidant capacity evaluated by TOSC was estimated to be low.
This study investigated metal accumulation and oxidative effects in mantle, gill and digestive gland of the ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra from the Argentinean North Patagonian coastline. Mussels were ...transplanted over an 18-month period from a site with low anthropogenic impact to a harbor site with higher seawater concentration of aluminum, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc. Total trace metal concentration in seawater did not change throughout the 18-month transplant in either site. A. atra bioaccumulated metals in digestive gland, gills and mantle at different levels. Digestive gland had the highest concentration of metals, especially towards the end of the transplant experiment in the harbor area. Mussels transplanted to the harbor site experienced an upregulation in their antioxidant system, which likely explains the lack of oxidative damage to lipids despite higher metal accumulation. These results demonstrate that A. atra selectively accumulates metals from the water column and their prooxidant effects depend on the tissue antioxidant defenses and the exposure time.
•Aulacomya atra selectively accumulates metals from the water column.•atra bioaccumulated metals in digestive gland, gills and mantle at different levels.•Mussels transplanted to the harbor site experienced changes in tissue metal levels as well as pro-oxidant effects.•Pro-oxidant effects in A. atra will depend on the tissue antioxidant defenses and the time of exposure.
The Amazon region comprises a plethora of fruit-bearing species of which a large number are still agriculturally unimportant. Because fruit consumption has been attributed to an enhanced physical ...well-being, interest in the knowledge of the chemical composition of underexplored exotic fruits has increased during recent years. This paper provides a comprehensive identification of the polyphenolic constituents of four underutilized fruits from the Amazon region by HPLC/DAD-ESI-MS n . Araçá (Psidium guineense), jambolão (Syzygium cumini), muruci (Byrsonima crassifolia), and cutite (Pouteria macrophylla) turned out to be primarily good sources of hydrolyzable tannins and/or flavonols. Additionally, different flavanonols and proanthocyanidins were identified in some fruits. The antioxidant capacity was determined by using the total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. Cutite showed the highest antioxidant capacity followed by jambolão, araçá, and muruci.
The paper aims at investigating the validity of benefit transfer in the case of transfers between countries highly heterogeneous in income, and demonstrates relative performance of different benefit ...transfer methods under these conditions. Lake water quality valuation studies were conducted in two countries in transition — Poland and the Czech Republic. They reflected two earlier studies carried out in Norway. We examine how income elasticity of WTP varies with the levels of income and find support for applying the income elasticity of 1 to adjust transferred welfare estimates in case of high differences in income between countries. In addition, we show that using site-specific measures of income outperforms transfers based on GPD
per capita. The accuracy of benefit transfer is compared using equivalence testing following the TOSC (two one-sided convolutions) test. A new, more informative way of reporting equivalence is proposed, based on computing minimum tolerance level rather than specifying it
a priori.
The aim of the present work was to study the alterations of the antioxidant defenses and the overall susceptibility to oxidative stress of the terrestrial snail Cantareus apertus exposed to the ...carbamate pesticide Carbaryl at a low environmentally realistic concentration.
The animals were exposed to Lactuca sativa soaked for 1h in 1μM Carbaryl. The temporal dynamics of the responses was assessed by measurements at 3, 7 and 14days of exposure.
C. apertus exposed to Carbaryl activates a number of enzymatic antioxidant responses, represented by the early induction of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, followed by a delayed induction of superoxide dismutase. Concomitantly, a derangement of the total oxyradical scavenging of the tissues was observed, suggesting an overall impairment of the tissue capability to neutralize ROS probably resulting from the overall negative balance between enzymatic antioxidant defense capability and oxidative stress intensity. This negative balance exposed the animals to the risk of oxidative stress damages including genotoxic damage. Compared to acetylcholinesterase inhibition, the antioxidant responses developed to Carbaryl exposure at the low concentration utilized showed a greater percentage variation in exposed organisms.
The results pointed out the high sensitivity of the antioxidant and oxidative stress related responses to Carbaryl exposure at an environmental realistic concentration, demonstrating their usefulness in environmental monitoring and risk assessment. The study highlights also the usefulness of the terrestrial snail C. apertus as potential bioindicator species for assessing the risk of pesticide environmental contamination.
The Mediterranean mussel,
Mytilus galloprovincialis, is a classical sentinel organism for monitoring the biological effects of contaminants through the use of molecular and cellular biomarkers. These ...biological responses can be modulated also by seasonal changes of both environmental and biological factors, potentially influencing responsiveness and sensitivity to pollutants. The aim of this study was to characterize in a reference mussel population from the Adriatic Sea, the natural fluctuations of several oxidative stress biomarkers widely used in ecotoxicological applications. Analyses of individual antioxidant defenses (catalase, glutathione S-transferases, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, levels of glutathione) were integrated with those of the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC-assay), which quantify the overall capability of a tissue to neutralize different forms of oxyradicals. Due to the close relationship between antioxidant efficiency and onset of various cellular alteration, the seasonal characterization was carried out also on lysosomal membrane stability, accumulation of malondialdehyde, neutral lipids and lipofuscin, levels of metallothioneins and activity of peroxisomal enzymes (acyl-CoA oxidase and
d-aminoacid oxidase). Results indicated a significant seasonality for several biological responses; major variations occurred especially in spring and summer months suggesting the influence of natural factors, such as temperature, reproductive cycle and food availability. The observed seasonal oscillations revealed both similarities and differences with those reported for other Mediterranean mussel populations suggesting that opposite trends can occur when the same environmental prooxidant factors have a different regional influence.
Remobilization of chemicals from contaminated sediments is a major risk associated with dredging and disposal operations in harbour areas. In this work caged mussels,
Mytilus galloprovincialis, were ...chosen as bioindicator organisms to reveal the impact and recovery of organisms from these activities in the harbour of Piombino (Tuscany, Italy) where approximately 100,000
m
3 of sediments were removed and disposed in a local confined disposal facility (CDF). Organisms were deployed before, during and after the end of operations, selecting sites differently impacted by these activities. Temporal changes in environmental bioavailability and biological effects of pollutants were assessed by integrating analyses of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in tissues of caged mussels with a wide array of biomarkers reflecting exposure to specific classes of pollutants and different levels of cellular unbalance or toxicity. Such biological responses included levels of metallothioneins, activity of acyl CoA oxidase (AOX) as a marker of peroxisome proliferation, oxidative stress biomarkers (content of glutathione, enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione
S-transferases, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases), total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) toward peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals, lysosomal membrane stability and genotoxic effects measured as DNA strand breaks and frequency of micronuclei. Obtained results indicated that a general disturbance was already present in the whole harbour area and especially in the inner site before the beginning of operations, when caged mussels exhibited a significant accumulation of PAHs and Pb, lower TOSC values and higher levels of both lysosomal and genotoxic damages. Bioavailability of trace metals and PAHs markedly increased during dredging activities with values up to 40
μg/g for Pb and up to 2200
ng/g for PAHs in tissues of caged mussels, a significant inhibition of antioxidant efficiency and increase of oxidative damages. While bioavailability of trace metals returned to the pre-dredging values after the end of operations, the accumulation of PAHs, oxidative effects and genotoxic damages remained elevated in mussels caged in the inner area and in front of CDF. Overall this study confirmed the utility of caged mussels to assess the remobilization of chemicals from dredged sediments and the onset of potentially harmful biological effects.
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