The medium access control (MAC) protocol should provide an efficient broadcast service to support the high-priority safety applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Basic safety messages ...(BSMs) transmitted through vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure architectures are the most fundamental of these applications. The periodic transmission of BSMs results in a heavy burden on the load of the VANETs when traffic density is high, and the presence of hidden terminals degrade the performance of the network. This letter introduces a distributed time division multiple access (TDMA)-based scheme that controls the transmission range to improve the efficiency of BSM transmissions in VANETs. The transmission collisions can be reduced without lowering the awareness quality of the surrounding nodes at a close range. Meanwhile, merging collisions can be pre-detected and eliminated by cooperation among the nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that our strategies can provide an efficient and reliable BSM broadcast service.
Parking slot detection is one of the most popular applications of Vehicular ad Hoc Network research field. Proposing smart algorithms for fast parking is crucial not only to facilitate drivers, but ...also to reduce traffic congestion, pollution, and vehicle energy consumption. Typically, an urban area has several competitive car parks and, in order to make the parking process automatic, a mechanism to ensure a fair competition among them is needed. Among all the methods able to guarantee transparency and equity in a system, blockchain is a robust technology. It has been successfully applied in many different research fields, from financial to health. In this work, we provide an automatic parking system in which vehicles are allocated among several competitive parking areas (called competitors), through a blockchain-based approach, by applying a consensus mechanism to manage the system modifications. To this aim, two classes of fairness constraints are defined, according to which any new operation on the parking consortium must be approved by the members. Such an approach brings benefits for different reasons, starting from traffic condition improvement, up to driver stress and pollution decrease.
With the development of vehicular ad hoc networks, the shortage of resources is becoming increasingly serious. To alleviate this problem, many researchers have suggested the use of parked vehicles, ...but these proposals do not consider that parked vehicles cannot continue charging when they are turned off; this problem is termed the limited energy problem. In this paper, we consider the use of parked vehicles as relay nodes and introduce an optimal method of enabling parked vehicles to provide services in the most energy-efficient manner. The core method is divided into two steps: 1) the clustering of moving vehicles based on their communication coverage and the selection of parked vehicles between clusters as relay nodes to ensure communications among driving vehicles and 2) the dynamic use of external environmental factors to achieve energy conservation. Simulation results show that the proposed energy-saving method achieves obvious improvements compared with other parked-vehicle-based methods.
A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a sophisticated wireless communication infrastructure incorporating centralized and decentralized control mechanisms, orchestrating seamless data exchange among ...vehicles. This intricate communication system relies on the advanced capabilities of 5G connectivity, employing specialized topological arrangements to enhance data packet transmission. These vehicles communicate amongst themselves and establish connections with roadside units (RSUs). In the dynamic landscape of vehicular communication, disruptions, especially in scenarios involving high-speed vehicles, pose challenges. A notable concern is the emergence of black hole attacks, where a vehicle acts maliciously, obstructing the forwarding of data packets to subsequent vehicles, thereby compromising the secure dissemination of content within the VANET. We present an intelligent cluster-based routing protocol to mitigate these challenges in VANET routing. The system operates through two pivotal phases: first, utilizing an artificial neural network (ANN) model to detect malicious nodes, and second, establishing clusters via enhanced clustering algorithms with appointed cluster heads (CH) for each cluster. Subsequently, an optimal path for data transmission is predicted, aiming to minimize packet transmission delays. Our approach integrates a modified ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol for on-demand route discovery and optimal path selection, enhancing request and reply (RREQ and RREP) protocols. Evaluation of routing performance involves the BHT dataset, leveraging the ANN classifier to compute accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and loss. The NS-2.33 simulator facilitates the assessment of end-to-end delay, network throughput, and hop count during the path prediction phase. Remarkably, our methodology achieves 98.97% accuracy in detecting black hole attacks through the ANN classification model, outperforming existing techniques across various network routing parameters.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have attracted significant attention for their potential to improve transportation in urban and highway contexts as automotive infrastructures and automobiles ...have progressed. The characteristics of heterogeneity, constrained resources, scaling requirements, an uncontrolled environment, and so on make security and privacy concerns far more difficult to tackle than they are today. The high availability required by IoT networks may risk the integrity and security of data carried over the network. Because the majority of security threats occur during data routing activities, developing a safe routing protocol for IoT networks has emerged as the most important research subject. The efficient procedures required to allow secure data transfer for autos enabled by IoT technology are detailed here. Using a novel cryptography-based routing mechanism, this study demonstrates how to protect V2V and V2I communications in the context of the VANET against a wide range of cyber threats. It is a data encryption and decryption technology based on attributes and identity that has been designed to have the lowest computational overhead while retaining the best level of security. To provide efficient message authentication and integrity while ensuring vehicle privacy and safeguarding vehicular communications, a hybrid cryptography system integrating ABS and IBS, named AIBS (Attribute-Identity Based Signature), was created. The recommended cryptography-based solution is tested in the presence of prospective attackers on the network while using the NS2 tool. The simulation results have been measured in terms of average throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), communication delay, and communication overhead.
Sixth-generation networks and vehicular Ad hoc networks advancement brought us to the cusp of a new era. Autonomous Vehicles with a plethora of advanced applications require a substantially enhanced ...vehicle-to-everything communication network. The infrastructure should efficiently support hyper-fast, ultra-reliable, and low-latency massive data exchange. Roadside units were initially exploited as a promising communication solution to overcome this challenge. However, the challenging integration with the infrastructure led to the investigation of additional solutions. Unmanned aerial vehicles are one of the most dominant assistive solutions due to their inherent advantage of mobility. Moreover, air-to-air and ground-to-air networks are more efficient than ground-to-ground. Nevertheless, it is a prerequisite to leverage the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles to attain nationwide Vehicle-to-Everything connectivity. Therefore, we focused our research orientation on developing a strategy to optimize the network's coverage within the intelligent transportation systems framework. In particular, we have deployed an innovative algorithmic technique that constructs Voronoi diagrams using circles. Besides, we applied the poison point process to determine the optimum locations of the transceivers' establishment. Simulation results illustrate full network coverage for the tested area after the required iterations. Also, time complexity evaluation proved the simplicity of the proposed algorithm.
While Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is developed to enable effective vehicle communication and traffic information exchange, VANET is also vulnerable to different security attacks, such as DOS ...attacks. The usage of an intrusion detection system (IDS) is one possible solution for preventing attacks in VANET. However, dealing with a large amount of vehicular data that keep growing in the urban environment is still an critical challenge for IDSs. This paper, therefore, proposes a new machine learning model to improve the performance of IDSs by using Random Forest and a posterior detection based on coresets to improve the detection accuracy and increase detection efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed machine learning model can significantly enhance the detection accuracy compared to classical application of machine learning models.
The growth in linked and autonomous vehicles has led to the emergence of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a means to enhance road safety, traffic efficiency, and passenger comfort. However, ...VANETs face challenges in facilitating trustworthiness and high-quality services due to communication delays caused by traffic, dynamic topology changes, variable speeds, and other influencing factors. Hence, there is a need for a reliable data dissemination scheme capable of reducing communication delays among hops by identifying effective forwarder nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel, weighted, estimated, spider monkey-based, nature-inspired optimization (w-SMNO) method to generate a set of efficient relays. Additionally, we introduce a dynamic weight assignment and configuration model to enhance system accuracy using a neural network based on backpropagation with gradient descent optimization techniques to minimize errors in the machine learning model. The w-SMNO also incorporates a distinct algorithm for effective relay selection among multiple monkey spider groups. The simulation results demonstrate substantial improvements in w-SMNO, with a 35.7% increase in coverage, a 41.2% reduction in the end-to-end delay, a 36.4% improvement in the message delivery rate, and a 38.4% decrease in the collision rate compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
In this paper, we propose the integration of tethered flying platforms in cooperative vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to alleviate the problems of rapid urbanization. In this context, we study the ...performance of VANETs by deriving approximate outage probability and average achievable rate expressions using tools from stochastic geometry. We compare between the usage of networked tethered flying platforms (NTFPs) and traditional roadside units (RSUs). On the other hand, the rapid increase of smart devices in vehicles and the upcoming urban air mobility (UAM) vision will congest the spectrum and require increased data rates. Hence, we use non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to improve spectral efficiency and compare its performance to orthogonal access schemes. Furthermore, we utilize millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies for high data rates and implement a sectored beamforming model. We extensively study the system using three transmission schemes: direct, relay, and hybrid transmission. The results show that when acting as relays, NTFPs outperform RSUs for larger distances between the transmitting and the receiving vehicles, while RSUs outperform NTFPs for short distances. However, NTFPs are the best solution when acting as a source. Moreover, we find that, in most cases, direct transmission is preferred to achieve a high rate compared to other schemes. Finally, the results are summarized in two tables that provide insights into connecting VANETs by selecting the most suitable platform and type of communication for a given set of parameters, configurations, and requirements.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) play an important role as enabling technology for future cooperative intelligent transportation systems (CITSs). Vehicles in VANETs share real-time information ...about their movement state, traffic situation, and road conditions. However, VANETs are susceptible to the cyberattacks that create life threatening situations and/or cause road congestion. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) that rely on the cooperation between vehicles to detect intruders, were the most suggested security solutions for VANET. Unfortunately, existing cooperative IDSs (CIDSs) are vulnerable to the legitimate yet compromised collaborators that share misleading and manipulated information and disrupt the IDSs’ normal operation. As such, this paper proposes a misbehavior-aware on-demand collaborative intrusion detection system (MA-CIDS) based on the concept of distributed ensemble learning. That is, vehicles individually use the random forest algorithm to train local IDS classifiers and share their locally trained classifiers on-demand with the vehicles in their vicinity, which reduces the communication overhead. Once received, the performance of the classifiers is evaluated using the local testing dataset in the receiving vehicle. The evaluation values are used as a trustworthiness factor and used to rank the received classifiers. The classifiers that deviate much from the box-and-whisker plot lower boundary are excluded from the set of the collaborators. Then, each vehicle constructs an ensemble of weighted random forest-based classifiers that encompasses the locally and remotely trained classifiers. The outputs of the classifiers are aggregated using a robust weighted voting scheme. Extensive simulations were conducted utilizing the network security laboratory-knowledge discovery data mining (NSL-KDD) dataset to evaluate the performance of the proposed MA-CIDS model. The obtained results show that MA-CIDS performs better than the other existing models in terms of effectiveness and efficiency for VANET.
PDF
