In ceramic vat photopolymerization (VPP) fabrication, directly peeling originally designed scaffolds from the platform is efficient but often introduces defects, compromising the mechanical integrity ...of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold. The peeling process involves the resistance of the HAp green scaffolds to peeling forces, which is influenced by its modulus and toughness. In this study, the peeling behavior of cubic-pore HAp (CP-HAp) green scaffolds with varying levels of modulus and toughness was investigated. The characterization results show that the HDDA CP-HAp scaffolds with relatively high levels of modulus and toughness could effectively resist the peeling forces and inhibit the occurrence of peeling defects. Stress concentration and inadequate toughness in the HEMA CP-HAp scaffolds lead to the formation of peeling defects. The CTFA and PHEA CP-HAp scaffolds with low modulus exhibit both peeling cracks and numerous pores. The cracks result from stress concentration, while the pores are caused by the coiled and loose molecular chain structure occupying space. Understanding the mechanism of peeling defect initiation in HAp porous scaffolds contributes to improving resistance to such defects and efficiently fabricating high-performance ceramic scaffolds using VPP.
VAT rebates have gained prominence as a significant tax incentive policy. This study aims to illuminate how adjustments to the export VAT rebate rate influence corporate investment efficiency from ...the perspective of tax stickiness. The results show that the implementation of export VAT rebates significantly improves corporate investment efficiency, especially for firms experiencing underinvestment. Tests exploring potential channels reveal that raising export tax rebates mitigates corporate tax stickiness, thereby enhancing investment efficiency. Further analysis indicates that the positive effect on investment efficiency is more pronounced for firms with limited access to external financing and for non-high-tech firms. Our findings suggest that adjustments to tax rebates in export markets play a vital role in alleviating tax stickiness and improving investment efficiency.
•This study examines whether and how the export VAT refund policy affects corporate investment efficiency.•Export rebates policy improves corporate investment efficiency.•Raising export tax rebates mitigates corporate tax stickiness, resulting in the enhancement of investment efficiency.•The positive effect is more pronounced for firms with limited access to external financing and for non-high-tech firms.
Tax reforms and network effects Delalibera, Bruno R.; Cavalcanti Ferreira, Pedro; Gomes, Diego B.P. ...
Journal of economic dynamics & control,
June 2024, 2024-06-00, Letnik:
163
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper investigates the effects of a tax reform that eliminates tax rate heterogeneity and cumulative taxation using a general equilibrium model with multiple sectors with market power. ...Industries are connected through input-output linkages, and changes in taxation are not confined within industries. We calibrate the model to Brazil, a country with a highly distorted tax system. The revenue-neutral tax reform generates gains of 7.9% of GDP and 1.8% of welfare. Just eliminating VAT rate dispersion leads to a 6.0% increase in GDP. Due to propagation effects, in 10 sectors direct taxes increased but output and profits did not fall.
A novel, simple, specific, rapid, enantioselective normal phase chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic method with amylose-based Chiral Pak IG-3(250 × 4.6 mM) 3.0 μM column was developed and ...validated for separation and quantification of isomers and enantiomer of Valbenazine. The mobile phase composed of n-Heptane, isopropyl alcohol, dichloromethane, ethanol, and diethylamine in the ratio of 70:10:15:5:0.1 (V/V/V/VV) with a gradient flow rate was applied. The injection volume was 10 μl, and detection was carried out using a photodiode array detector at 282 nM. The column compartment was set at 35°C. The resolution between the enantiomer and isomers was found to be more than 2.0. The method was linear over the concentration range of limit of quantitation to 250% for isomers and enantiomers. The method was found to be robust with column temperature. The proposed chiral method is applicable for the determination of isomers and enantiomer of Valibenazine and was successfully used in the quality control of bulk drug manufacturing and pharmaceuticals.
Cashless payments discourage value‐added tax (VAT) evasion through transaction records; and they essentially require cooperation from consumers and small business owners. As indirect VAT payers, ...consumers' payment methods decisively influence the final VAT declaration. However, the literature has yet to investigate consumers' collusive VAT evasion. This study uses data from approximately 7300 taxpayers as collected by the National Survey of Tax and Benefit of South Korea to examine the impacts of perceived trust paradigms on consumers' responses to payment methods when small business owners offer discount benefits. The results reveal that perceived trust in government significantly strengthens consumers' cooperative VAT compliance. We also discover that when the discount amounts are higher, trust has a greater impact on cooperative VAT compliance. The study contributes to the tax literature by demonstrating that trust can improve consumers' cooperative VAT compliance.
This paper examined the impact of "Business Tax to Value-added Tax" on enterprises' innovation output, substantive innovation and the related mechanism. We use a natural experiment involving China's ...business tax changing to value-added tax ("BT to VAT") and a mediating effect mechanism to identify any causality. The results reveal that "BT to VAT" reform has prompted enterprises to increase their innovation output and substantive innovation, and the level of R&D investment plays an intermediary role in the relationship between "BT to VAT" and the entire innovation output and the relationship between "BT to VAT" and the substantive innovation output of enterprises. Further analysis demonstrates that firms with different ownership types, in different industries and with different degrees of marketization respond differently to the "BT to VAT" policy. Our findings are only significant for non-state-owned enterprises, high-tech enterprises and enterprises in high-marketization degree area. This paper provides a theoretical and empirical basis for detailed analyses of the effects of "BT to VAT" policy, particularly the government's subsequent improvement to the tax reform policy, to further stimulate enterprise investments in innovation as well as industrial upgrading.
Consumption tax rates targeted at specific sectors are often reformed without any empirical knowledge about the efficiency of these policies. This paper sheds light on tax incidence as well as the ...efficiency issue, the potential for welfare improving reform, by studying the impact of value added taxes (VAT) on prices and quantities of labor intensive services. I utilize a VAT reform targeted at a specific service sector, which creates a natural experiment set up. The VAT for hairdressing services in Finland was reduced from 22% to 8%, and the previous tax treatment still applied to other labor intensive services. The choice of the treatment and control groups was exogenous to circumstances in Finland, since these groups were selected from a wider European setting. The results suggest that hairdressers cut their prices only by half of what a complete pass-through would have implied, and that there was hardly any adjustment in equilibrium quantity due to the reform. Hairdressers were able to increase their profits significantly. There is important heterogeneity in the results according to firm size.
•This paper studies the efficiency of service sector consumption taxes•Utilise a Finnish VAT cut for hairdressers from 22% to 8% and a control group not facing changes in their VAT rate•VAT pass through to prices is only half of what complete pass-through would have implied•There was hardly any adjustment in the equilibrium quantity, but most hairdressers were able to increase their profits.•The results rise question marks on the efficiency of reduced VAT rates for these services
This paper studies the relationship between firms' innovation activities, financial constraints and corporate tax reform in China. A firm-level proxy for financial constraints is derived using ...cash-flow analysis and subsequently linked to various innovation activities of the firm. As an identification strategy, difference-in-differences with exact matching is employed to study whether a reduction in the corporate tax burden via China's 2004 value-added tax (VAT) reform influences firms' innovation activities given they face increasing financial constraints. The results reveal that low access to liquidity in the private sector has a persistent negative effect on firms' innovation activities and reduces the innovation success for more R&D intensive firms. Given increasing financial constraints, a reduction in private-sector firms' corporate tax burden spurs new product and process sales despite failing to affect either their decision to pursue R&D or the amount to invest. The findings suggest that easing financial constraints alone cannot correct the market failure caused by underinvestment in China's private sector. (web URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733316301093)
Tax incentives for new energy industry have been adopted at various stages of an emerging economy. However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of tax incentives from the perspective of ...firm's profitability. We compare value-added tax (VAT) incentives in different kinds of new energy enterprises in China and study the effect of VAT incentives on new energy listed companies through the Difference-In-Difference (DID) approach empirically. The results show that VAT refunds of new energy industry could decrease the return on equity (ROE) of the experiment group, which is lower than the control group by 4.7%. This is mainly due to the distorted industrial chain, overcapacity and insufficient innovation motivation caused by the tax incentives. We also find out that the policy impact has a time lag and varies considerably across time by examining the dynamic effects of VAT incentives. This study provides some new evidence on the efficiency of tax incentives toward new energy industry by firm-level data.
•This paper studies the effect of China's VAT incentives on new energy industry.•Evidence for the effectiveness of VAT incentives is investigated.•The VAT incentives are insufficient to increase the corporate ROE.•The policy impact has a time lag and heterogeneity across time.
The transition of applying ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) from prototyping to mass production and from monolithic to multi-material (MM) components can be supported by continual development in ...materials and processes. Lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) can be used for MM printing of ceramics with high accuracy by introducing different approaches that enable discrete/smooth multidirectional material transitions. Adaptation of ceramic slurries plays important role for the successful printing and co-sintering. Especially for co-sintering, the shrinkage of the materials must be adapted so that no internal residual stresses occur. Machine learning (ML) offers promising opportunities for development of new materials and optimization of processes in AM by introducing relations between input features and output responses. In this article, ML algorithms were used for the prediction of shrinkage and porosity of alumina samples dependent on input features including material, printing, and thermal processing parameters so that defect-free porous/dense alumina combination can be achieved.
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