Bacteria belonging to the genus Wolbachia are associated with a variety of reproductive anomalies in arthropods. Allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (= Standard PCR) routinely has been used to ...amplify Wolbachia DNA from arthropods. While testing the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and other arthropods known to be infected with Wolbachia, Standard PCR frequently produced false negatives, perhaps because the DNA from the arthropod host interfered with amplification by Taq DNA polymerase. Long PCR, which uses two enzymes (Taq and Pwo), consistently amplified Wolbachia DNA and a sensitivity analysis indicated that Long PCR was approximately six orders of magnitude more sensitive than Standard PCR in amplifying plasmid DNA spiked into insect genomic DNA. A survey indicated that 76% of sixty‐two arthropod species and two subspecies in thirteen orders tested positive for the Wolbachia wsp sequence by Long PCR, which is considerably higher than the rate of 16.9% obtained previously for the ftsZ sequence using Standard PCR (
Werren, J.H., Windsor, D. and Gao, L. (1995a)Proc R Soc Lond B 262: 197–204). A subsample of Long PCR products from fourteen arthropod species and two subspecies were sequenced, both directly and after cloning. Two A‐ and eleven B‐Wolbachia strains were detected and their wsp sequences displayed a maximum of 23.7% sequence divergence at this locus. Two new groups (named Fus and Ten) were identified in addition to nineteen reported earlier (
Zhou, W., Rousset, F. and O’Neill, S.L. (1998)Proc R Soc Lond B 265: 1–7;
van Meer, M.M.M., Witteveldt, J. and Stouthamer, R. (1999)Insect Mol Biol 8: 399–408), because they displayed more than 2.5% sequence divergence from other Wolbachia wsp sequences. PCR products from seventeen of twenty‐nine (59%) arthropod species analysed could not be sequenced directly due to apparent infection by multiple Wolbachia strains. The wsp sequences cloned from two such species (Plutella xylostella and Trichoplusia ni) indicated both A‐ and B‐Wolbachia were present in a single individual. Hence, superinfection also may be more widespread than the 1.2% incidence previously estimated.
is gram-negative and common intracellular bacteria, which is maternally inherited endosymbionts and could expand their propagation in host populations by means of various manipulations. Recent ...reports reveal the natural infection of
in
in Malaysia, India, Philippines, Thailand and the United States. At present, none of
natural infection in
has been reported in China.
A total of 480
adult mosquitoes were collected from October and November 2018 based on the results of previous investigations and the distribution of
in Yunnan. Each individual sample was processed and screened for the presence of
by PCR with
primers. Phylogenetic trees for the
gene was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates, and the p-distance distribution model of molecular evolution was applied.
24 individual adult mosquito samples and 10 sample sites were positive for
infection. The
infection rate (IR) of each population ranged from 0 - 41.7%. The infection rate of group A alone was 0%-10%, the infection rate of group B alone was 0%-7.7%, and the infection rate of co-infection with A and B was 0-33.3%.
infection in wild
in China is the first report based on PCR amplification of the
gene. The
infection is 5%, and the
and
strains were found to be prevalent in the natural population of
in Yunnan Province.
In this letter, a frequency selective rasorber with a waveform selective passband (FSR-WSP) is proposed based on the combination of frequency selective absorber and waveform selective surface ...techniques to achieve the multiple functions, including absorbing stealth, energy protection, and waveform selection. The structure achieves more than 90% absorptance in the range of 8.4-18.5 GHz (relative bandwidth reaches 75.1%) and a waveform selective transmission band around 3.8 GHz. For waveform selective function, the transmittance reaches more than 80% when a continuous wave is incident, while the transmittance is less than 25% when a high-power short pulse wave is incident. The absorption characteristics and waveform selective transmission mechanism are analyzed and validated by full-wave simulation and cosimulation. Finally, the FSR-WSP is fabricated and measured to verify its functionality.
Wired communication systems used to control elevator floor fixtures have problems due to huge amount of cables used in implementation, long installation time, long troubleshooting time and chronic ...faults. This paper proposes a double-jump multi-hop wireless network for low-rise and medium-rise buildings to control elevator floor fixtures using wireless short packet protocol (WSP). Telegram success rate, telegram intensity, hop time and signal power measurements have been performed on the proposed network. Experimental results emphasize that telegram intensity of about 75 telegram/s guarantees 100 % telegram success rate. Average hop times of 16.1 ms and 17.5 ms for the first and second hops have been measured respectively and found to be enough for low-rise and medium-rise buildings. Signal power measurements show that proposed network may be capable of performing even triple jumps or more instead of double jumps contributing to the speed, telegram intensity and the performance of the network.
Recent regulatory developments (DM 14.06.2017) have introduced the concept of Water Safety Plans (WSP) into the Italian legislative framework, a new, challenging paradigm of risk assessment, ...prevention, and control covering the entire drinking water supply chain. When applied to the water abstraction step, it requires complex data collection and processing, field survey, monitoring, and research in order to develop a robust and scientifically sound hydrogeological conceptual model, being the core of groundwater flow models and vulnerability assessments. A successful experience in identifying and characterizing the wellhead protection areas, as well as the vulnerability pattern, has been achieved for the wide and complex hydrogeological system belonging to the Vicenza water production area.
Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria found within many arthropods, including insects. A variety of benefits are provided by these bacteria to human and insect hosts, including protection from viruses ...and parasites and the ability to kill males. In this study, Wolbachia was identified in Aedes aegypti present in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A population of mosquitoes was collected from eight different areas, processed, and tested for Wolbachia using 16 S rRNA specific to Wolbachia bacteria and Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) under optimized PCR conditions. In five ecologically diverse sites to determine Wolbachia prevalence, we identified eleven diverse novel resident Wolbachia strains within Ae. Aegypti for the first time in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Future studies to evaluate the possible use of Wolbachia as a control agent in Aedes sp. in Saudi Arabia are necessary. Wolbachia prevalence rates and strain characterization through Sanger sequencing with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analysis revealed significant diversity. In developing biocontrol strategies, it is beneficial to consider the implications of resident Wolbachia strains.
Neoceratitis asiatica (Becker) (Diptera: Tephritidae), known as wolfberry fruit fly, is a harmful pest of Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae). Neoceratitis asiatica female adults insert the ovipositor into ...the peel of L. barbarum and lay eggs, causing reductions in yield and economic loss. The symbiotic bacteria Wolbachia spp. have attracted considerable attention and interest by entomologists in recent years. Wolbachia infect many genera of tephritid fruit flies, such as Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Rhagoletis, Dacus, Ceratitis, and Carypomya. Wolbachia can induce complete cytoplasmic incompatibility in novel hosts, leading to complete suppression of laboratory populations by single releases of infected males, which potentially makes it a useful method for pest management. In this study, the infection of Wolbachia in N. asiatica from the Ningxia region in China was detected based on the Wolbachia surface protein gene sequence. The neighbor-joining tree showed Wolbachia in wolfberry fruit fly was wRi strain. This research lays the foundation for further study about Wolbachia in Chinese wolfberry fruit fly, and also provides a basis for the prevention and control of other economically important fruit flies using Wolbachia.
Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, has a significant impact on the reproductive biology and pathogen transmission capabilities of various arthropods, including mosquitoes. This study aimed to ...assess the prevalence of Wolbachia in Culex molestus, a vector mosquito species, in South Korea. Mosquito samples were collected from different locations and taxonomically identified. Individual mosquito DNA was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted targeting the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp) and three multi‐locus sequence typing (MLST) (gatB, hcpA, and ftsZ) genes. Gel electrophoresis was performed to determine the prevalence of Wolbachia by analyzing PCR products. Our findings revealed that Wolbachia was present in 100% of the tested Culex mosquitoes from South Korea, with one major Wolbachia strain (supergroup B) detected using the wsp gene and subgrouping determined with the gatB as well as hcpA, and ftsZ. These results underscore the widespread occurrence of Wolbachia in Cx. molestus mosquito within the studied region, thus suggesting the potential for leveraging this endosymbiont to devise novel strategies for mosquito‐borne disease control. Future research should investigate the influence of Wolbachia on mosquito biology and vector competence in South Korea.
Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a key pest of tomato crops. Specific and environmentally friendly control strategies against this pest, such as the sterile ...insect technique (SIT), are under development and sexual reproduction has emerged as a key focal point to ensure its success. In the present study, we analyzed four representative T. absoluta populations from Argentina, focusing on the molecular detection of endosymbionts potentially associated with reproductive abnormalities and on determining whether parthenogenesis can occur under laboratory conditions. Larvae of T. absoluta were collected in commercial tomato plantations from La Plata and Mar del Plata (both in Buenos Aires province), Bella Vista (Corrientes province), and Yuto (Jujuy province). Tuta absoluta adults were evaluated by standard PCR for the presence of reproductive endosymbionts (Wolbachia sp., Spiroplasma sp., Arsenophonus sp., Cardinium sp., and Rickettsia sp.). For parthenogenesis assays, 20–23 virgin females from each T. absoluta geographic population were life‐long isolated in Petri dishes with a tomato leaf. Fecundity, fertility, and female longevity were estimated and compared with results from mated females from each population. Our results showed the presence of a unique endosymbiont (Wolbachia sp. supergroup B, sequence type 41). Fecundity of the unmated females was significantly lower than fecundity of mated females in all T. absoluta populations. In addition, unmated females only laid infertile eggs. In conclusion, the absence of parthenogenesis in T. absoluta from representative geographic populations supports the implementation of SIT and mating disruption as effective control strategies against this pest in Argentina.
Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key pest of tomato crops. The sterile insect technique, an environmentally friendly control strategy against T. absoluta, requires the reproduction of the insect to be strictly sexual. We evaluated under laboratory conditions the capacity of T. absoluta individuals from various Argentinian populations to reproduce parthenogenetically. We also evaluated the presence of endosymbionts associated with reproductive abnormalities. Absence of parthenogenesis and a unique genotype of Wolbachia were detected in the T. absoluta populations from Argentina.
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