The Jaina tradition is known for its distinctive approach to prima facie incompatible claims about the nature of reality. The Jaina approach to conflicting views is to seek an integration or ...synthesis, in which apparently contrary views are resolved into a vantage point from which each view can be seen as expressing part of a larger, more complex truth. Viewed by some contemporary Jaina thinkers as an extension of the principle of
into the realm of intellectual discourse, Jaina logic marks quite a distinctive stance toward the concept of logical consistency. While it does not directly violate the law of excluded middle, it does, one might say, navigate this principle in a highly and potentially useful way. The potential usefulness of Jaina logic includes the possibility of its use in arguing for the position known as religious pluralism or worldview pluralism. This is a view which many philosophers see as holding great promise in developing a way to think about differences across worldviews in ways that do not lead to the kind of conflict and polarization that all too often characterizes ideological differences in today’s world.
Feminism, Absolutism, and Jansenism chronicles seventy years of Jansenist conflict and its complex intersection with power struggles between gallican bishops, Parlementaires, the Crown and the Pope. ...Daniella Kostroun focuses on the nuns of Port-Royal-des-Champs, whose community was disbanded by Louis XIV in 1709 as a threat to the state. Paradoxically, it was the nuns' adherence to their strict religious rule and the ideal of pious, innocent and politically disinterested behavior that allowed them to challenge absolutism effectively. Adopting methods from cultural studies, feminism and the Cambridge School of political thought, Kostroun examines how these nuns placed gender at the heart of the Jansenist challenge to the patriarchal and religious foundations of absolutism; they responded to royal persecution with a feminist defense of women's spiritual and rational equality and of the autonomy of the individual subject, thereby offering a bold challenge to the patriarchal and religious foundations of absolutism.
Louis XIV, regency, rococo, neoclassical, empire, art nouveau, and historicist pastiche: furniture styles march across French history as regimes rise and fall. In this extraordinary social history, ...Leora Auslander explores the changing meaning of furniture from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth century, revealing how the aesthetics of everyday life were as integral to political events as to economic and social transformations. Enriched by Auslander's experience as a cabinetmaker, this work demonstrates how furniture served to represent and even generate its makers' and consumers' identities.
Tanto Tomás de Aquino como Husserl coinciden, respecto a la teoría sobre la verdad, en pensar que (debido a la adecuación) el intelecto hace una copia exacta (absoluta) de una cosa siempre idéntica ...(igualmente absoluta), y que gracias a ello refutan el relativismo. Pero Julián Marías, entusiasta de la verdad, critica al absolutismo y al relativismo, y piensa que ambos están basados en la verdad como adecuación. La visión que sobre la verdad tiene Marías es consecuencia de su respeto a la realidad, organizada en perspectiva: esta es de la realidad, no del hombre que la mira. Por ello ninguna verdad agota la realidad. Los partidarios de la adecuación suelen aplicar su esquema mental a los objetos irreales o ideales, suponiendo que la realidad como tal, caótica para ellos por la multitud de puntos de vista diferentes, está desorganizada y es fuente de relativismo.
Individuals who reject sacrificial harm to maximize overall outcomes, consistent with deontological (vs. utilitarian) ethics, appear warmer, more moral, and more trustworthy. Yet, deontological ...judgments may not only convey emotional reactions, but also strict adherence to moral rules. We therefore hypothesized that people view deontologists as more morally absolutist and hence self-righteous—as perceiving themselves as morally superior. In addition, both deontologists and utilitarians who base their decisions on rules (vs. emotions) should appear more self-righteous. Four studies (N = 1254) tested these hypotheses. Participants perceived targets as more self-righteous when they rejected (vs. accepted) sacrificial harm in classic moral dilemmas where harm maximizes outcomes (i.e., deontological vs. utilitarian judgments), but not parallel cases where harm fails to maximize outcomes (Study 1). Preregistered Study 2 replicated the focal effect, additionally indicating mediation via perceptions of moral absolutism. Study 3 found that targets who reported basing their deontological judgments on rules, compared to emotional reactions or when processing information was absent, appeared particularly self-righteous. Preregistered Study 4 included both deontological and utilitarian targets and manipulated whether their judgments were based on rules versus emotion (specifically sadness). Grounding either moral position in rules conveyed self-righteousness, while communicating emotions was a remedy. Furthermore, participants perceived targets as more self-righteous the more targets deviated from their own moral beliefs. Studies 3 and 4 additionally examined participants' self-disclosure intentions. In sum, deontological dilemma judgments may convey an absolutist, rule-focused view of morality, but any judgment stemming from rules (in contrast to sadness) promotes self-righteousness perceptions.
•Deontologists are perceived as more self-righteous, mediated by moral absolutism.•A focus on rules vs. affect (sadness) promotes self-righteousness perceptions.•Even utilitarian judgments based on rules promote self-righteousness perceptions.•Both targets' and perceivers' moral views influence self-righteousness perceptions.•Self-disclosure (to utilitarians) may be hindered by rule-based arguments.
Volume Vlll/1 treats the first two years of World War 1, until the death of Francis Joseph on November 21, 1916. The government was headed by Karl Stürgkh, until his assassination in October 1916, ...followed by the short-termed cabinet Ernest Koerber II. Among the most important issues were the ending of civil society, the way into economic martial-absolutism, notably including food supply, as weil as the humanitarian consequences of war, and wartime Dualism.
Band Vlll/1 behandelt die ersten gut zwei Jahre des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zum Tod Franz Josephs am 21. November 1916. Die Regierung leitete Karl Stürgkh, bis zu seiner Ermordung im Oktober 1916, es folgte das kurze Kabinett Ernest Koerber II.' In dieser Zeit war das Parlament geschlossen. Wichtigste im Ministerrat behandelte Themen waren das Ende der Zivilgesellschaft, der Weg in den wirtschaftlichen Kriegsabsolutismus, insbesonders die Nahrungsmittelversorgung, sowie menschliche Kriegsfolgen und der Dualismus im Krieg.
Entre 1826 y 1832 Manuel González Salmón fue primer secretario de Estado en la etapa final de la década ominosa del reinado de Fernando VII. Formado en la época del reformismo ilustrado en Alemania, ...había desempeñado otras misiones diplomáticas en Lisboa, Dresde o San Petersburgo. Aunque fue agraciado con nombramientos en las épocas constitucionales y sometido a purificación, su perfil se asemeja al de los realistas moderados, partidarios del reformismo administrativo sin admitir novedades políticas. El artículo discute la realidad de esa condición moderada intermedia, analiza las redes familiares y de afinidad entre la elite diplomática y plantea su adaptación al paso desde el imperio a la nación liberal favorecida por su experiencia europea y la fidelidad al monarca en su condición de altos funcionarios.
This paper contributes to the literature on the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Western Europe, with a specific focus on the process of primitive accumulation during France’s absolutism, ...from the 14th to the 17th century. Drawing on Regulation Theory and Marxism and supported by archival research, the article aims to demonstrate that France and England followed different paths in their journey toward capitalism. Due to the premodern structure of the state and the process of political accumulation, a small fraction of the state bourgeoisie amassed wealth, facilitated by war and by levying taxes. Officeholders could thus extract surplus labour, primarily from the peasantry. The transition to an economy where markets became a compulsory stage for tax payment and the resurgence of the state established a regime of rent-exploitation and relationships of indirect, collective exploitation. In France, the state and public finances played a pivotal role in separating the peasantry from its land and means of production. This paper offers new insights into the role of absolutism in Marxist historiography. It argues that absolutism constitutes a distinct social formation from feudalism, paving the way for the transition to capitalism by proletarianizing a part of the French peasantry.
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